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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Global warming science: an overview</h2>
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<h2>Introduction to the course</h2>
<p>This sequence will serve as an introduction to the edX course <it>Global Warming Science</it>. We begin with an overview of the Earth's climate, with some practice problems to familiarize you with the format of the course.</p>
<p>Each week a new sequence like this one will be released. It will contain an introductory page like this one, including an overview of the topics covered and any required or recommended readings for the week, as well as a number of short videos which will serve as the lectures for this course. Below many of the videos will be a multiple choice question provided for you to test yourself on the content of each video. These excercises are not graded, but are intended to help you keep focused, and ensure you are absorbing the material.</p>
<p>At the end of each sequence will be a problem set. These will be assessed, and may contain multiple choice questions, questions requiring a numerical or symbolic response, or questions with image based responses.</p>
<p>The first sequence is slightly shorter than those typical of later sections. The problem set, likewise, is shorter than those you should expect for the rest of the course. The first problem set is provided mainly to introduce you to the format of the questions.</p>
<p>After you have completed the first week's material, please take the <b>important preliminary survey</b>, which is accessible via the navigation pane to the left.</p>
<p><i>Instructor: Kerry Emanuel</i></p>
<p></p>
<h2>Lecture Slides</h2>
<p>Slides for these lectures are available for download <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/b706f5d804c60a1b709d9a345ff1ac9d/asset-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@asset+block/Introduction.pdf" target="[object Object]">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Welcome to the Course</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Climate change through geological time</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Some concepts of climate science</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Problem Set: Climate Overview</h2>
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<h2>Problem set 0</h2><p>This problem set is provided mainly to familiarize you with the format of the problems and how to input answers. We give an example of a a few different types of questions that you may encounter throughout the course.</p><p>Problems may ask you to choose the correct answer between a list of alternatives, or may ask you to enter an answer in directly. Be sure to follow the instructions for each problem carefully to ensure you receieve full credit for your responses.</p><p>In general you will be allowed two attempts at any multiple choice questions, and three attempts for symbolic or numerical responses, but this will be clearly indicated to you on each problem. Many problems have parts that are dependent on previous answers, and you are encouraged to check that these are correct before you proceed.</p>
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Problem 1
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What is the primary evidence used to reconstruct climates of the distant past, from many thousands to many millions of years ago?
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<text>Thermometer measurements. </text>
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<text>Measurements from ice-cores and other proxies for temperature and ice-volume.</text>
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<text>Descriptions recorded in ancient literature.</text>
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<text>Estimates of the solar luminosity from models of stellar evolution.</text>
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Which of the following is <b>not</b> an example of a change in climate?
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<text>A snowstorm forcing many European airports to close for a number of days</text>
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<text>The retreat of large Northern-hemisphere ice-sheets at the end of the last glacial maximum.</text>
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<text>Warming of the globe as a result of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases.</text>
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<text>A change in the equator-to-pole temperature difference during the Eocene.</text>
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Problem 3
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The development of human agriculture began roughly 10,000 years ago at the beginning of the Holocene, a period of Earth's history characterised by a particularly stable global climate. Indeed, many have argued that it was precisely this climatic stability that allowed for agriculture to develop. This period of time, containing all recorded history is miniscule when compared to the geological timescales that are involved in some of Earth's past climate changes such as snowball and hot-house climates. Assuming the age of the Earth is roughly 4.5 billion years, write down how many times further back in time the formation of the Earth is from the beginning of the Holocene 10,000 years ago.
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Problem 4
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<p>The last 2 million years of Earth's climate have been characterized by alternating cool and warm periods called glacials and interglacials respectively. The figure below shows estimates of the temperature from two ice-core proxies, and an estimate of global ice volume for the past 450 thousand years. Point to the position on the Vostok record representing the temperature and time before the present of the last glacial maximum. (Click the green button once, then once again to place the point). </p>
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Problem 5
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In the figure above what is the approximate change in temperature between the last glacial maximum and the current climate of the holocene.
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