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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 22</h2>
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<p>In Lecture 22 we see Nagel’s argument that consciousness eludes the objective methods of science, and we’ll prepare the way for a more radical argument, due to philosopher Frank Jackson, that consciousness is not a physical phenomenon, and so dualism is true. Exciting!</p>
<p>The readings are <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/e44d6cf493b00fa4f8ad93c9cf163508/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/21_nagel_what_is_it_like_to_be_a_bat_.pdf" target="_blank">Nagel’s Bat paper</a>, again, and Jackson’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/fbbebd3e97e4a6807cfdce97f73a58f1/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/22_jackson_epiphenomenal_qualia.pdf" target="_blank">Epiphenomenal Qualia</a>”.</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ce4e615616db469b827faabb1cf11e14" target="_blank">A Recap: Nagel and the Bat</a>: A reminder of the main example Nagel uses to illustrate his idea of subjective experience and of a particular point of view: the bat.</li>
<li>Nagel on Science and Consciousness: Here is an argument that there could never be a comprehensive science of consciousness, and, thus, we can never fully understand how consciousness fits into the physical world (even if it does).</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/302746e7132647ff95534d7b6444c290" target="_blank">Science and Objectivity</a>: Science moves us ever towards a more objective view of the world, says Nagel.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/5da79b9e61e64e589149c1fda221cb42" target="_blank">A Science of Consciousness?</a> But for that very reason, says Nagel, we can never describe the nature of subjective experience scientifically.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/bdd9b6f7ffaa4f4a8057b19b87ab220e" target="_blank">The Moral</a>: There’s no understanding consciousness (at least, not until some kind of revolution in the way we think about things). But maybe we have good reason to believe in physicalism anyway.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/23f2f6fe05644558a978a09d11568d62" target="_blank">Intermission: Some Discussion</a>: MIT students weigh in on the foregoing.</li>
<li>Getting Precise About Physicalism: We are preparing the way for an argument due to Frank Jackson that consciousness is not physical and, hence, dualism is true. Before we can state the argument, we need to be a bit more precise about what physicalism is, exactly.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/8ae00d83570a42f086325f9e890effc3" target="_blank">A More Precise Statement of Physicalism</a>: In which you can find our official definition of physicalism.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/877086a932b14e478d4a27aca41c0297" target="_blank">Supervenience Example I: Baldies</a>: Our official definition is in terms of <em>supervenience</em>. Here is another example of a supervenience thesis, to get you used to the idea.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/2d58b54448d84147b3d7a3fb3d1fdf0b" target="_blank">Supervenience Example II: Morality</a>: Here’s another example.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/be87517892e14bc48d844ca0cee5f0c1" target="_blank">A Quick Note on the Text</a>: There’s a difference between how we state physicalism and how Jackson does. Use our statement.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/71f3e17705634c6a81662f73f6f2a7be" target="_blank">Black-and-White Mary</a>: This is the central thought experiment on which Jackson’s argument is built.</li>
</ul>
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</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 22 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/d9b4bab202ae0d2165f7860ee29408bf/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_22_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">A Recap: Nagel and the Bat</h2>
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<h1>A Recap: Nagel and the Bat</h1>
<p>A quick recap of Nagel’s illustration of what he means by a "point of view", and "subjective experience".</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: A Recap: Nagel and the Bat</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="5f5e46a1d525489f8139e54790627a29-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@5f5e46a1d525489f8139e54790627a29-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: unknowable truths
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<p>Many mundane truths are never known. For example, there is a truth of the form "There are __ occurrences of the letter 'e' on the 24.09x website" which (it is safe to say) no one will ever know, because no one will ever be motivated to count them. Let NK be some such truth. By hypothesis, then, NK is an unknown truth, although it is know<em>able</em> -- someone <em>could</em> know it.</p>
<p>One of the following claims is (a) true; (b) <em>impossible</em> to know. Which one? </p>
<p>Hint 1. Try to eliminate the wrong answers first. </p>
<p>Hint 2. When you've got the right answer by elimination, try to show directly that it is the right answer. (This is difficult.) The following facts will be useful: (i) if S knows p then p is true (see lecture 15); (ii) if S knows p &amp; q then S knows p and S knows q. You may take "S knows proposition p" and "S knows that proposition p is true" to be equivalent.</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_5f5e46a1d525489f8139e54790627a29_2_1">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Nagel on Science and Consciousness: Science and Objectivity</h2>
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<h1>Nagel on Science and Consciousness</h1>
<p>Now we will see why there can never be a science of consciousness, according to Nagel. By the end of this part of the lecture you should understand Nagel’s reasons, and the moral he draws.</p>
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Problem: objective
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Nagel on Science and Consciousness: A Science of Consciousness?</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Nagel on Science and Consciousness: The Moral</h2>
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Problem: conclusions
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<legend id="a19d3ebbe08d42bead9285416abd357c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What conclusions does Nagel draw? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a19d3ebbe08d42bead9285416abd357c_2_1[]" id="input_a19d3ebbe08d42bead9285416abd357c_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="a19d3ebbe08d42bead9285416abd357c_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_a19d3ebbe08d42bead9285416abd357c_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a19d3ebbe08d42bead9285416abd357c_2_1"> Physicalism is false, but only from our perspective.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Intermission: Some Discussion</h2>
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<h1>Intermission: Some Discussion</h1>
<p>The MIT students tell us what they think about what Nagel has to say on science and consciousness. See whether you agree or disagree with what they have to say.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Getting Precise About Physicalism: A More Precise Statement</h2>
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<h1>Getting Precise About Physicalism</h1>
<p>We are going to move on to an argument due to the Australian philosopher Frank Jackson that consciousness is not physical, and, hence, physicalism is false. To properly understand the argument, we will need to be more precise about what physicalism is, exactly. You should understand our official definition of physicalism by the end of this part of the lecture.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: A More Precise Statement</h3>
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Carlos and Tim
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<p>Carlos lives in this world, the actual world. Tim is a physical duplicate of Carlos, living in another possible world that is physically exactly the same as the actual world. </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Getting Precise About Physicalism: Supervenience Example I: Baldies</h2>
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<p>Physicalism, as we have defined it, is a <em>supervenience thesis.</em> In this and the next video we will see some more examples of supervenience theses, to help you get used to the idea.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Supervenience Example I: Baldies</h3>
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Kati and Lara
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<p>Kati lives in this world, the actual world. Lara is a hair-for-hair duplicate of Kati, living in another possible world. </p>
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<p>Descriptivists believe the moral facts supervene on the descriptive facts. Suppose that the story about Dylan and Kevin is true, and so Kevin ought to repay Dylan the $10. Consider a possible world w in which Kevin borrows $10 from Dylan, as he actually does, but in w Dylan is a homicidal maniac who would use the repaid $10 to buy a knife and create mayhem. </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Black-and-White Mary</h2>
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<h1>Black-and-White Mary</h1>
<p>And now, a thought experiment. You should have the details of the thought experiment clear by the end of this video.</p>
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<p>In the next lecture, we’ll see the argument that uses this thought experiment to conclude that physicalism is false. We will also consider our options, in light of this argument. See you then!</p>
<p>(The reading for next time is <a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block@22_jackson_epiphenomenal_qualia.pdf" target="_blank">the Jackson paper</a> again, plus David Chalmers’ “<a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block@23_chalmers_the_hard_problem_of_consciousness.pdf" target="_blank">The Hard Problem of Consciousness</a>”.)</p>
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