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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 11</h2>
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<p>This is our second lecture on the identity theory. After recapping the objection from after-images, we will spend most of the lecture preparing the way for the famous objection due to Saul Kripke.</p>
<p>The reading for Lecture 11 is U. T. Place’s <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/2f3ca766c7359f7a251e97108878a4a9/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/11_place_is_consciousness_a_brain_process_.pdf" target="_blank">“Is Consciousness a Brain Process?”</a></p>
<ul>
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<ul>
<li>The Objection from After Images: A recap of the objection mentioned at the end of the previous lecture, and Smart’s (and Place’s) reply to it.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f94d894ab1c3428c9aa0316aa85f6411" target="_blank">The Objection</a>: What was the problem, again? It had something to do with after-images…</li>
<li><a href="32d359b29a56489abda566ff325e79c4" target="_blank">The Reply</a>: What was Smart’s solution?</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Preparing for Kripke's Objection: An important objection to the identity theory, which we have been anticipating for a while, is due to the philosopher Saul Kripke. To understand it, we’ll need to do some work…</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/2d2aae24579e4a62ae7f1d2d3e7757cc" target="_blank">Types and Tokens</a>: Kripke describes the target of his objection as the <span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">“t<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ype–type</span>” </span>identity theory. What is he talking about?</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/30fbe4f6e96b415885d513d14c218232" target="_blank">Possible Worlds</a>: We'll also need to understand what a <span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">“p</span>ossible world<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">”</span> is, as contemporary philosophers use that term.</li>
<li><a href="/jump_o_id/07c00a5b5bfa46f4a017e68ff4b394c9" target="_blank">Rigid Designation</a>: Now we understand possible worlds, we can get to the really crucial thing. It’s a distinction between two kinds of referring terms: the <em>rigid designators</em> and the rest…</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 11 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/e233d888c491e39379c0e69676c364cf/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_11_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Objection from After-Images: The Objection</h2>
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<h1>The Objection From After-Images</h1>
<p>As we discussed at the end of last lecture, there is an objection to the identity theory that has to do with after-images. It’s worth going over that objection again; by the end of this section, you should have a crystal clear understanding of the issue.</p>
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Problem: after-images
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<legend id="0cf50245077d42559b919b3faf12e001_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">After-images pose a problem for Smart and Place because</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Objection from After-Images: The Reply</h2>
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<p>Smart has a reply to the Objection from After-images. It might seem quite <em>ad hoc</em>, but actually, if you think about it, there is no easy thing to say about the nature of after-images. Smart’s view has some plausibility quite independently of his need to respond to the objection. It should be clear why this is so in the video below.</p>
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Problem: which option
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<legend id="ed04457eef784257b3d61424d4a5be2e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Smart and Place choose which option?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Preparing for Kripke's Objection: Types and Tokens</h2>
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<h1>Preparing for Kripke’s Objection</h1>
<p>In the next lecture, we will discuss Saul Kripke’s objection to the identity theory. But we need to do some work before we can understand it fully. We will do that work in this part of the lecture. The most important thing you need to take away from the discussion here is an understanding of what <em>rigid designation</em> is.</p>
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Problem: Kripke&#39;s books
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<p>I have one copy of Kripke&#8217;s book <i>Naming and Necessity</i> on my desk and one copy of his book <i>Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</i> on my bookshelves. My colleague Prof. Rayo has two copies of <i>Naming and Necessity</i> on his bookshelves, but does not have a copy of <i>Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</i>. We do not have any other books by Kripke. </p>
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Checkboxes: the Smart-Place identity theory
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<legend id="77086ef4d7144913a80cab01470fcc7c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The Smart-Place identity theory is best thought of as a claim of identity between</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Preparing for Kripke's Objection: Possible Worlds</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Possible Worlds, Possibility and Necessity</h3>
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Problem: correct paraphrases
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<p>Which are correct paraphrases of &#8220;There could have been blue swans&#8221;?</p>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1[]" id="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1"> The proposition that there are blue swans is true at some possible world
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1[]" id="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1"> The proposition that there are blue swans is true at every possible world
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1[]" id="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_71a1666bc76648b796ceb2e1b60ed2e0_2_1"> The proposition that there are blue swans is impossible
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Preparing for Kripke's Objection: Rigid Designation</h2>
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Problem: rigid designators
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<legend id="1ee5d82d218849cfa0a0b6b1f4c58922_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following are rigid designators?</legend>
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<p>In the next lecture, all this hard work will pay off. See you there!</p>
<p>For now, here’s an extract from Kripke’s <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/368d874493c43d1d5f17d8cc46f7a7ec/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/12_kripke_naming_and_necessity.pdf" target="_blank">Naming and Necessity</a>.</p>
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