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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Commercial Prints / The First Sino-Japanese War</h2>
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<p>Today we will continue our survey of the Meiji period by focusing on the expansion of the Japanese empire around the turn of the twentieth century. Again, please watch the videos and answer the short questions that follow. There are no major visual assessments in today’s lesson.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.9 - Commercial Prints</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.10 - The First Sino-Japanese War</h3>
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<p>Professor Gordon suggests that many of the prints from the late Meiji period express ideals or aspirations for the future, rather than exact representations of the present. Look again at the images of the Japanese military that Professor Dower discussed.</p>
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<td>Image 1<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_499.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_499.jpg" alt="Emperor watching elaborate army and navy training exercise with ships, cannons, and foot-soldiers" /></a></td>
<td>Image 2<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_513.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_513.jpg" alt="military men in uniform and on horses in front of Yasukuni Shrine" /></a></td>
<td>Image 3<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_154.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_154.jpg" alt="soldiers standing on a hill watching the sunrise in Port Arthur" /></a></td>
<td>Image 4<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_380_13.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_380_13.jpg" alt="men surrounded by smoke firing a cannon from inside a ship" /></a></td>
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<p>Image credits, left to right. All images <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>.</p>
<p>Image 1: Toyohara Chikanobu. <em>Observance by His Imperial Majesty of the Military Maneuvers of Combined Army and Navy Forces</em>. 1890. Woodblock print. Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/pages/2000_499.htm" target="[object Object]">2000_499_c</a>]</p>
<p>Image 2: Shinohara Kiyooki. <em>Illustration of Grand Festival at Yasukuni Shrine</em>. 1895. Woodblock print. Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/pages/2000_513.htm" target="[object Object]">2000_513_c</a>]</p>
<p>Image 3: Ogata Gekkō. <em>Officers and Men Worshipping the Rising Sun While Encamped in the Mountains of Port Arthur</em>. 1894. Woodblock print. Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/pages/2000_154.htm" target="[object Object]">2000_154_c</a>]</p>
<p>Image 4: Mizuno Toshikata. <em>Japanese Warships Fire on the Enemy Near Haiyang Island</em>. 1894. Woodblock print. Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/pages/2000_380_13.htm" target="[object Object]">2000_380_13_c</a>]</p>
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<p>What ideals do these images illustrate? What might they conceal about the actual state of affairs? Select the interpretation you find most persuasive. There is no correct answer, and you may change your answer freely. What do your fellow students find persuasive?</p>
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-91d4738d143343f38cb86f820ceccd2c-answer-R"><p>These images illustrate an ideal of patriotic nationalism. This might mask the sharp political divides over the ideal form of the Japanese nation-state that took place throughout the late-nineteenth century.</p></label>
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-91d4738d143343f38cb86f820ceccd2c-answer-B"><p>These images extol loyalty and obedience. They might have served as propaganda to encourage these values in people, for whom the demands of conscription, tax payment, and other state obligations were new and often unwelcome.</p></label>
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-91d4738d143343f38cb86f820ceccd2c-answer-G"><p>These images depict the quasi-religious nature of imperial loyalty and national service. They might mask widespread apathy to state-run worship, which would not disappear for several decades more.</p></label>
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-91d4738d143343f38cb86f820ceccd2c-answer-O"><p>These images depict imperial expansion as a noble, virtuous exploit. They mask the uncertainty, violence, and conflict that characterized imperial aggrandizement.</p></label>
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<span>Thank you.</span>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Militarization & the Russo-Japanese War</h2>
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<h3>Militarization & the Russo-Japanese War</h3>
<p>Japan’s efforts to militarize and instill support for empire, as well as to gain international recognition, finally paid off: in 1904, Japan went to war with Russia over control of the Korean Peninsula, and in 1905 defeated the tsar's forces. Listen to Professors Dower and Gordon discuss the significance of this event, and answer the questions that follow.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.11 - The Russo-Japanese War</h3>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why was Japan&#8217;s victory over Russia praised in places like Vietnam and India?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1" id="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1"> Japan&#8217;s victory gave elites in those countries hope that they, too, could stand up to Western imperialism
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<input type="radio" name="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1" id="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1"> Japan had allied with other Asian countries in its war against Russia, marking the beginning of a pan-Asian movement of solidarity and cooperation
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<input type="radio" name="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1" id="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ac100ff28a704e368f1a88c68a062804_2_1"> Japan&#8217;s victory over Russia meant the end of Russia&#8217;s empire in Asia, freeing many formerly subjugated people.
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<legend id="14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why was Japan&#8217;s victory praised in places like the United States and Great Britain?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1" id="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1"> Both the United States and Britain were opposed to imperialism, and so they welcomed Japan&#8217;s anti-imperialist victory
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<input type="radio" name="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1" id="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1"> Both the United States and Britain respected Japan&#8217;s successful militarization, and began to see it as an equal power
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<input type="radio" name="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1" id="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_14a93f3d429e469ba5b46a40934e74eb_2_1"> Both the United States and Britain wanted Japan to take on a greater share of the burden of managing security and commerce in East Asia, and saw its victory over Russia as a crucial step towards taking on greater responsibility in the region.
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<h3>War & Media</h3>
<p>The Russo-Japanese War also coincides with the development of new forms of media and communication that help spread news of the war around Japan and the world. Listen to these final clips, and complete the exercise that follows.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.12 - Japan‘s Fight for Freedom</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.13 - War & Media</h3>
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<p>Match the images below to the statements that they best illustrate.</p>
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<td>Image A<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_075.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/images/2000_075.jpg" alt="men in ship firing a cannon with intense expressions on their faces" /></a></td>
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<td>Image C<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/JapanFight182183.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/JapanFight182183.jpg" alt="scanned image of book with photos of ships and seamen" /></a></td>
<td>Image D<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/asia_rising/gallery/images/2002_1587.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/asia_rising/gallery/images/2002_1587.jpg" width="800" alt="men in western attire and women in kimono waving Japanese flags" /></a></td>
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<p>Image A: Migita Toshihide. <em>Lieutenant Commander Yamanaka, Chief Gunner of Our Ship Fuji, Fights Fiercely in the Naval Battle at the Entrance to Port Arthur</em>. 1904. Woodblock print. Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/pages/2000_075.htm" target="[object Object]">2000_075_c</a>]</p>
<p>Image B: <em>News Runners Rushing in with the Latest</em>. ca.1905. Postcard. Leonard A. Lauder Collection of Japanese Postcards. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/throwing_off_asia_01/gallery/pages/2002_1581.htm" target="[object Object]">2002_1581</a>]</p>
<p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">Image C: Wilson, H.W. </span><em style="line-height: 1.6;">Japan's Fight for Freedom: The Story of the War Between Russia and Japan</em><span style="line-height: 1.6;">. London: Amalgamated Press, 1904-1906. Private collection.</span></p>
<p>Image D: Kawai Eitchû. <em>Crowds Celebrating with Flags</em>. ca 1905. Postcard. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/asia_rising/gallery/pages/2002_1587.htm" target="[object Object]">2002_1587</a>]</p>
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<h3>Transition 1 Complete!</h3>
<p>Well done! You've made it through the first transition.</p>
<p>The Russo-Japanese War forms the immediate context for the events of the next module, “Social Protest in Imperial Japan.”</p>
<p>Tomorrow we begin by exploring the meaning of the war in more detail, as well as delving into the visual record of the Hibiya Riots, which will form the core of the module.</p>
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