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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to Day 22</h2>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Today, we will examine the academic and social context during which Dean Worcester expanded his photographic collection. Worcester's images cannot be understood apart from the rise of Western science, often pseudo-science, from which American colonialism drew a significant part of its logic. We will then look at certain kinds of photographs </span><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">that appear repeated in the Worcester collection</span><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1em;">, such as front and side views, to get a sense of the influences and implications of Worcester's images. These are all the images that we will be working with. Take a look, and move on to the videos and exercises.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1em;"><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">Warning on viewing historical images</strong>: Images from the past can be offensive to view. By showing certain images or discussing certain topics, we do not endorse the views or opinions they present, but seek to understand the past, even when it is difficult to look at in the present. This course does not reflect the views of MIT, MITx, EdX or Visualizing Cultures.</span></p>
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'/assets/courseware/v1/f7decdfd03299197ff14acee77fddfbe/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05E007_fromUM.jpg', '<em>Kalinga woman,</em> August 1901, Island/Region: Cagayan. Location: near Tuguegarao.',
'/assets/courseware/v1/52d1c643f6a87fba045515c029b34f12/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05B004_fromUM.jpg', '<em>“Young Kalinga warrior, type 3. Holding head axe. Belonged to party which attempted to ambush us,”</em> 1905. Location: Bontoc, Cagayan.<br>The Story of an Axe.<br>Americans were fascinated by the tool that they called the “head-axe.” Generally used for hunting or reaping crops, the axe’s sharp blade could also serve other purposes, including ritualized warfare that anthropologists described as “headhunting.”<br>In this striking image of a young Kalinga man holding a head-axe, Worcester conveys a sense of danger and violence.',
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<h3>Image Gallery</h3>
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<p>Image Credits (From left to right, top to bottom):</p>
<p>Pages from Daniel G. Brinton, <em>“The Peoples of the Philippines,”</em> American Anthropologist 11 (October 1898), p. 300, p. 303.</p>
<p>Set of two images: <em>“Kalinga man named Lauagan. This man followed us for three days with a head axe, constantly sneaking behind us and undoubtedly seeking an opportunity to kill us,”</em> January 1905. Location: Bunuan.</p>
<p>Set of two images: <em>Kalinga woman,</em> August 1901, Island/Region: Cagayan. Location: near Tuguegarao.</p>
<p><em>“Young Kalinga warrior, type 3. Holding head axe. Belonged to party which attempted to ambush us,”</em> 1905. Location: Bontoc, Cagayan.</p>
<p><em>Our party at house of Doget,”</em> 1905. Location: Pinakpook, Cagayan.</p>
<p><em>“Three types of head axes in common use among the Tinguianes of the Abulug River,”</em> 1906. Location: Bolo, Cagayan.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Anthropology Meets the Mugshot</h2>
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<p>Here, take a look at these magazine pages from The American Anthropologist. Then, watch the video in which your professors discuss the nineteenth-century rise of various academic fields which use the human body as a medium for making sense of social difference. This was the context in which Worcester carried out his positions and gradually expanded his photographic collection in the Philippines. After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Pages from book with figures of Filipinio man and woman, and front and side view of a skull." width="60%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/1eb7011d66021fab6454022041504407/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1898_AmAnthopologist_p300_p303.jpg" /></p>
<p>Figure 16. Pages from Daniel G. Brinton, “The Peoples of the Philippines,” American Anthropologist 11 (October 1898), p. 300, p. 303.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Front and Side Views</h2>
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<p>In this video, your professors discuss the many images in the Dean Worcester collection that feature the front and side views of Filipino men and women, which bear a striking resemblance to criminal mugshots. What are the origins and implications of such photographs? After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Photograph of man sitting, fully clothed, in front of a white background" width="35%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/d170654268504152d5393d5851002d3f/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05A007_fromUM_small.jpg" /><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Side view of man sitting, fully clothed, in front of a white background" width="35%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/110ebefe173c930f42a38c5d93293d48/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05A008_fromUM_small.jpg" /></p>
<p>Figure 17. “Kalinga man named Lauagan. This man followed us for three days with a head axe, constantly sneaking behind us and undoubtedly seeking an opportunity to kill us,” January 1905. Location: Bunuan</p>
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<legend id="97ea0612b4244933a7f36bcadbb8bdb4_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How did the racial measurement and comparison of human bodies abet the American colonial project in the Philippines?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Story of the Ax</h2>
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<p>Dean Worcester’s images often came in series and told stories about the American colonial undertaking, its propagators and its subjects. Turn your attention to these images of a Kalinga man and woman, paying especial attention to the caption of the second. How do you think the pretext laid out by Worcester could have preceded such a staged photograph? After you watch the video, please complete the exercise. </p>
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<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Photograph of woman sitting, fully clothed and wearing necklackes, in front of a white background" width="35%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/575700cf62022c88ec5db2d9855813f8/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05E006_fromUM_small.jpg" /><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Side view of woman sitting, fully clothed and wearing necklackes, slightly hunching forward, in front of a white background" width="35%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/9bfa5be1c007c15d47f58beb477046e2/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05E007_fromUM_small.jpg" />Figure 18. Kalinga woman, August 1901, Island/Region: Cagayan. Location: near Tuguegarao</p>
<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Photograph of man sitting, fully clothed, in front of a white background" width="35%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,4)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/d170654268504152d5393d5851002d3f/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05A007_fromUM_small.jpg" /><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Side view of man sitting, fully clothed, in front of a white background" width="35%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,6)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/110ebefe173c930f42a38c5d93293d48/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05A008_fromUM_small.jpg" /> Figure 17. “Kalinga man named Lauagan. This man followed us for three days with a head axe, constantly sneaking behind us and undoubtedly seeking an opportunity to kill us,” January 1905. Location: Bunuan</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video IV-18: The Story of the Ax</h3>
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<legend id="2874bf343a0b49e4a38fd54cb58c220c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following statements are true about the practice of &#8220;headhunting&#8221;? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Weapons and Tools</h2>
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<p>Now, carefully examine these three images that feature weapons and tools that Dean Worcester was evidently fascinated by. For figures like Worcester, the head axe embodied the romantic ruggedness of confronting supposedly violent indigenous Filipinos. After the watch the video, please complete the exercise. </p>
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<td width="60%"><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px;" alt="Photograph of young man holding axe, wearing jewelry on his heck, arms, hair, sitting in front of a white background" width="90%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/cf2d98f45c4e81b1a078cc53d3d2f6c8/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05B004_fromUM_small.jpg" /></td>
<td>Figure 19. “Young Kalinga warrior, type 3. Holding head axe. Belonged to party which attempted to ambush us,” 1905. Location: Bontoc, Cagayan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px;" alt="Photograph of 10 men; seven Filipino men standing in the back, Worcester, another Filipino man, and a white man sitting in the front. The man in the middle of the back row rests an axe on the chair arm in front of him. " width="90%" href="#" tabindex="2" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/eaf650e8e2888ee07c5f8b9a2a609395/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw05D027_fromUM_small.jpg" /></td>
<td>Figure 20. “Our party at house of Doget,” 1905. Location: Pinakpook, Cagayan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px;" alt="Three axes laid against large rocks, trees and shrubs in the background" width="90%" href="#" tabindex="4" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/ee6dee17c62ec6bc5607511b4df733b9/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw06EE013_fromUM_small.jpg" /></td>
<td>Figure 21. “Three types of head axes in common use among the Tinguianes of the Abulug River,” 1906. Location: Bolo, Cagayan</td>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video IV-19: Weapons and Tools</h3>
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<legend id="b99a283741234fde80b9980386b1eebf_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following sentiments do Worcester&#8217;s portrayals of the head axe convey? Check all that apply.</legend>
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