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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to Day 21</h2>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Today, we will be discussing the relationship between visual anthropology and colonial power. How does the positioning or set-up of a photograph convey a political statement? These are all the images that we will be working with. Take a look, and move on to the videos and exercises.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">Warning on viewing historical images</strong>: Images from the past can be offensive to view. By showing certain images or discussing certain topics, we do not endorse the views or opinions they present, but seek to understand the past, even when it is difficult to look at in the present. This course does not reflect the views of MIT, MITx, EdX or Visualizing Cultures.</span></p>
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<h3>Image Gallery</h3>
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<p>Image Credits (from left to right, top to bottom):</p>
<p>Worcester caption: <em>"Negrito man, type 1, and myself, to show relative size,"</em> 1901. Location: Mariveles, Bataan.</p>
<p>Worcester caption: <em>"Negrito [wo]man, type 12, and myself showing relative size,"</em> 1901. Location: Mariveles, Bataan.</p>
<p>Worcester caption: <em>"Negrito man, type 3, and myself, showing relative size. Full length front view,"</em> 1900. Location: Dolores, Pampanga.</p>
<p>Worcester caption: <em>"Negrito woman, type 5, and myself, showing relative size. Full length front view,"</em> 1900. Location: Dolores, Pampanga.</p>
<p>Worcester caption: <em>"Two Negrito men with Governor Pack. Full length front view, standing"</em> 1909. Location: Palanan, Isabel, Cagayan.</p>
<p>Worcester caption: <em>"Two Negrito men with Governor Pack. Full length front view, standing"</em> 1909. Location: Palanan, Isabel, Cagayan.</p>
<p><em>"Three Negrito women with Winthrop, LeRoy, and Dr. Kneedler,"</em> 1901. Location: Mariveles, Bataan.</p>
<p><em>“Negrito mother with child in her arms. Full length side view,”</em> 1901. Location: Mariveles, Bataan.</p>
<p><em>“Mangyan woman, type 8, with child. Full length front view, standing,”</em> 1906. Location: Lalauigan, Mindoro.</p>
<p>Thumbnails in the Worcester database<strong>BETTER CAPTIONS?</strong></p>
<p><em>“Hand of Tinguiane woman showing fresh tattoo,”</em> 1908 Location: (Old Tauit) Burayutan, Apayao.</p>
<p><em>“Left arm of Manobo girl, type 5. Showing ornaments,”</em> 1908. Location: Bakua, Butuan.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Yardstick Photos</h2>
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<p>What exactly is the anthropological gaze? The turn of the twentieth century had marked a methodological revolution in the social sciences, including within the discipline of anthropology. In this video, your professors discuss the relationship between photography, race, power, and anthropology. After you finish watching, please complete the exercise.</p>
<p>By the breakout of World War II, the United States military still relied on the cataloguing of Filipino races and tribes from Dean Worcester’s era. What does this 1942 map tell us about colonial organization and the extension of colonial power? What does the mapping of ethnic groups assume about the Filipino population? Watch the video and complete the exercise.</p>
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<td width="33%"><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Photo of Filpino woman standing next to Worcester in front of trees and shrubs; her head reaches approximately the top of Worcester's stomach." src="/assets/courseware/v1/55626866c647e1266f0b0d3787bed515/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw01A041_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></td>
<td width="33%"><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,4)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Photo of Worcester and Filipino man carrying a bow and arrow standing in front of a pinned white sheet; the man's head reaches approximately Worcester's chest. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/1f0d92211314a97f49383a63f05eee5e/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw01H003_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></td>
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<td><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,6)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Photo of Worcester and Filipino woman standing in front of a white sheet; her head reaches approximately Worcester's chest." src="/assets/courseware/v1/cabd3ac93000b3c0835ffaeb634de9aa/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw01H010_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></td>
<td><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,8)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Governor Pack standing between two Filipino men on a field; their heads reach approximately his chest" src="/assets/courseware/v1/04c4347c892550d94b2bff2e24508a19/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw01Z002_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></td>
<td><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,10)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Governor Pack standing between two Filipino men on a field with his arms outstretched above their heads; their heads reach approximately his chest" src="/assets/courseware/v1/d0b20c7318e1c5b1ed09e537bc7abd1d/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw01Z003_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></td>
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<p><em>"Yardstick" photos</em></p>
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<legend id="f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Here, let&#8217;s examine the &#8220;yardstick photos&#8221; in Dean Worcester&#8217;s collection, which selectively juxtapose shorter Filipinos against taller American colonialists. Pay especial attention to the visual effect of the photos and the expressions on the subjects&#8217; faces. How do these &#8220;yardstick photos&#8221; indicate the inequitable power dynamic between Americans and Filipinos?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1" id="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1"> They are staged to highlight the height differences between taller Americans like Worcester and the shorter Filipino &#8220;Negrito&#8221; population and thus, infantilize the latter
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<input type="radio" name="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1" id="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1"> They capture the colonial violence inflicted upon Filipino bodies
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<input type="radio" name="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1" id="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f250b56c3ac14d309853a5d0cbebfd58_2_1"> They honor the legacy and tradition of Filipino resistance to American rule
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<p>Not only were Filipinos photographed for cataloging purposes by Americans like Worcester, they were also often brought and put on display at events and shows for white Americans, especially world fairs. Here, consider this image and watch the video in which your professors discuss the nature and process of objectification: the transformation of people into objects for visual consumption. After you finish watching it, please complete the exercise. </p>
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if(bookmark===-2){ //check if we're wrapping around the back of the album
bookmark = data.length - 2; //get to last item in data
}
if(bookmark===data.length){ //check if we're at the end and wrapping around to the front
bookmark = 0; //go back to the first item in data
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$('#vpxImage').attr('src',data[bookmark]);
$('#vpxData').empty().append(data[bookmark+1]);
}
function toggleSidebar(){
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var right = Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('width').slice(0,-2)) - 40; //width of the sidebar minus the tab that needs to show (negative).
$('#vpxSidebar').animate({'right':'-' + right + 'px'},function(){
sidebarOpen = false;
$('#vpxVert').empty().append('<button type="button" class="asText"><strong>Show Info</strong></button>');
$('#vpxImage').css('max-height','100%');
});
}
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$('#vpxSidebar').animate({'right':'0px'},function(){
sidebarOpen = true;
$('#vpxVert').empty().append('<button type="button" class="asText"><strong>Hide Info</strong></button>');
$('#vpxImage').css('max-height','70%');
});
}
}
// ]]></script>
</p>
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width:100%;
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border-top-left-radius:10px;
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position:relative;
display:inline-block;
float:left;
height:100%;
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transform:rotate(270deg);
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-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg); /* Opera, Chrome, and Safari */
cursor:pointer;
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position:absolute;
left:40px;
right:40px;
height:90%;
overflow:auto;
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border:none;
margin:0;
padding:0;
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--></style>
<div id="vpxMain" style="overflow: hidden;"><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Three Filipino women standing in front of three white men, in front of a pinned white sheet, with trees in the background; the women's heads reach approximately the men's chest" width="60%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/39c4ea12837f8f41192af82d2119e520/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw01A113_fromUM_small.jpeg" />
<p><em>“Three Negrito women with Winthrop, LeRoy and Dr. Kneedler,” 1901. Location: Mariveles, Bataan</em></p>
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<p></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video IV-11: Objectification: People on Display</h3>
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Checkboxes
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_7ac80e075e9f46eba3a14aa03ee11e0b_2_1[]" id="input_7ac80e075e9f46eba3a14aa03ee11e0b_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="7ac80e075e9f46eba3a14aa03ee11e0b_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_7ac80e075e9f46eba3a14aa03ee11e0b_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_7ac80e075e9f46eba3a14aa03ee11e0b_2_1"> Their name, affiliation or age
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<span id="answer_7ac80e075e9f46eba3a14aa03ee11e0b_2_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_7ac80e075e9f46eba3a14aa03ee11e0b_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@2cf3549bbba34b81a82ff64697efb04b" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-request-token="2e3146c0edbb11eeb45e1299a322540b" data-graded="True">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Backdrops and Backgrounds</h2>
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<p>What is the significance of the context, or the background, of a photograph? Take a look at these two images and pay especial attention to the effects of removing a subject out of her context and then, of keeping the backdrop of the village in the photograph. Watch the video and then complete the exercise.</p>
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left:0;
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margin:auto;
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border-top-left-radius:10px;
background-color:#E2E2E2;
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height:90%;
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<div id="vpxMain" style="overflow: hidden;">
<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Photograph of Filipino woman carrying child in front of her in front of a large white sheet pinned up" width="60%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/f544c2780b6f7f19d340b23485922399/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw01A098_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></p>
<p>Figure 11. “Negrito mother with child in her arms. Full length side view,” 1901. Location: Mariveles, Bataan</p>
<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Photograph of Filipino woman carrying child on her shoulder on unpaved, flat ground between straw houses. " width="60%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/82f8c4c376ca87983aa3074338cf3679/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw03I012_fromUM_small.jpeg" />Figure 12. “Mangyan woman, type 8, with child. Full length front view, standing,” 1906. Location: Lalauigan, Mindoro.</p>
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<p>Here, your professors discuss the concept and practice of collecting that has been critical to the colonial enterprise. Artifacts, art, and objects of daily living would be hauled from faraway colonies and put on display in homes and museums within the imperial power. Watch the video and complete the exercise.</p>
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<p>Figure 13. Thumbnails in the Worcester database</p>
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<p>Take a look at this image of a Filipino woman’s tattooed hand. In the video, your professors discuss cultural objectification—in this case, Worcester’s treatment of an indigenous cultural practice as a scientific “specimen.” After you watch the video, please move on to the exercise.</p>
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<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="A woman’s hand on top of a white sheet; her hand is tattooed, and she is wearing many bracelets " width="60%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/8f800532d3a7dc42c44c835f83d3b08d/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw06HH002_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></p>
<p>Figure 14. “Hand of Tinguiane woman showing fresh tattoo,” 1908 Location: (Old Tauit) Burayutan, Apayao</p>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="039ae231a5f1426185b5c32d1af09b5b_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What can be inferred about Dean Worcester from this photograph of the tattooed hand?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Showing Ornaments</h2>
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<p>Now, turn your attention to this photograph of a Filipino girl’s arm adorned with ornaments. Compare and contrast this image to the previous one of the Filipino woman’s tattooed hand. What does it tell us about how objectification operates? After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<p><img style="float: left; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px;" alt="Image of a young woman’s arm, depicting the rings on her hand, a row of bracelets on her arm, with her face in the corner. " width="60%" href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" src="/assets/courseware/v1/cc9d7f16fc110f5c9374503da70ca636/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/dw13B010_fromUM_small.jpeg" /></p>
<p>Figure 15. “Left arm of Manobo girl, type 5. Showing ornaments,” 1908. Location: Bakua, Butuan</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video IV-15: Showing Ornaments</h3>
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<legend id="5f88af1157db4288beee1fc0b64853d0_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What allows the subject of this photograph&#8212;the young Manobo girl&#8212;to reclaim her individuality even though the focus is clearly on the ornaments displayed on her arm?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Optional Reading, Chapter 2: The Anthropological Gaze</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Photography and Power II, Chapter 2: The Anthropological Gaze</h3>
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<p>To read the chapter on the Visualizing Cultures website, <a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/photography_and_power_02/dw02_essay02.html" target="[object Object]">click here</a>. </p>
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