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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Context for Images</h2>
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<p>How is the Philippine-American War itself understood in Filipino popular consciousness today? Even during the War, there were concerted efforts to obscure the brutality of conflict from the larger public. Then, as in now, the meaning and legacy of the Philippine-American War are contested over and debated. Professor Dower here also discusses the uses and abuses of historical memory in current political affairs. The way in which any given historical image is framed or set up can strongly affect the message it can convey. After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<legend id="39c1d6a603a24abaa4e8df6c88d17cc5_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why might the Philippine-American War be a contentious subject in Filipino national history?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_39c1d6a603a24abaa4e8df6c88d17cc5_2_1" id="input_39c1d6a603a24abaa4e8df6c88d17cc5_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="39c1d6a603a24abaa4e8df6c88d17cc5_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_39c1d6a603a24abaa4e8df6c88d17cc5_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_39c1d6a603a24abaa4e8df6c88d17cc5_2_1"> Because it marks a break in the linear narrative progress towards Filipino independence.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Filipino Photos and Portraits</h2>
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<p>In spite of the diversity of the photographs that were captured of the Philippine-American War, they nonetheless omit a great deal. What or who do we miss in these photographs? At the time, cameras were still quite rare and that only a select portion of the Filipino population had access to them. In this video, your professors discuss popular uses of photography in the Philippines at the turn of the twentieth century. After you finish watching, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video V-5: Filipino Photos and Portraits</h3>
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<legend id="5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is the political argument that is embedded within the &#8220;popularity contests&#8221; that ran on the pages of Filipino newspapers and on postcards?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1" id="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1"> Portraits of elite Filipinos in their best dress allowed them to make a counter-statement to colonial assumptions of civilization versus barbarism.
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<input type="radio" name="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1" id="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1"> Elite Filipinos staged these portraits in with props and slogans to demonstrate their support for Filipino independence.
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<input type="radio" name="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1" id="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5de66c2b5c88414881291dbc91dab1cc_2_1"> These portraits of elite Filipinos supported the case for American occupation by illustrating the cultural likeness between the United States and the Philippines.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Clemencia Lopez Portrait Story</h2>
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<p>A portrait that circulated widely, both in the United States and the Philippines, was of Clemencia Lopez. The sister of an imprisoned Filipino nationalist leader, she hoped to use images of herself and her family to generate sympathy for the cause of Filipino independence. These photographs provided a sharp contrast to the ways in which Filipinos were depicted in other mediums, such as Dean Worcester’s collection and the features from the National Geographic. After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video V-6: Clemencia Lopez Portrait Story</h3>
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<legend id="904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following are traits or qualities that would characterize Filipino high society, as experienced by Clemencia Lopez but rarely portrayed for American public consumption? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1[]" id="input_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1"> Many were Muslims.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1[]" id="input_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_904904de9ff448138d72821308ce0ec1_2_1"> All of them supported the American occupation of the Philippines.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Where are the Journalists? (Discussion Included)</h2>
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<p>There clearly was no dearth of military journalism or commercial photography. But where were the news photographers on either side? In a war where more than 200,000 civilians lost their lives, there are few images remain that capture the devastation and suffering amongst ordinary people. In this video, your professors discuss the obvious missing subjects and events—whether censored or taboo—in otherwise diverse, rich photographic collections of the Philippine-American War. After you finish watching, please complete the exercises.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video V-7: Where are the Journalists?</h3>
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<legend id="fba5c8a0f5714b26bcef003ba9dcd928_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">When did this tradition&#8212;of photojournalists avoiding the most explicit details and suffering of war change?</legend>
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