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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to Day 17</h2>
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<p><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The form of American power in the Philippines was multi-faceted; it molded social and cultural life on the islands as much as it dictated the unfolding of military conflict. Today, we will be examining photographs that depicted American forces as benefactors: all-American boys who took interest in the well-being of their Filipino counterparts, and built roads and schools necessary to sustain "civilization." Take a look at the images that we will be working with, and then, move on to the videos and exercises.</span></strong></p>
<p><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Warning on viewing historical images</strong><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">: Images from the past can be offensive to view. By showing certain images or discussing certain topics, we do not endorse the views or opinions they present, but seek to understand the past, even when it is difficult to look at in the present. This course does not reflect the views of MIT, MITx, EdX or Visualizing Cultures.</span></p>
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<h3>Image Gallery</h3>
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<p></p>
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<p><strong>Image Captions </strong>(from left to right, top to bottom): </p>
<p>This group photo of U.S. Army officers depicts a sense of confidence in the American mission in the Philippines. Circa 1899-1901.</p>
<p>General Arthur MacArthur and General Elwell Stephen Otis (center left and right) with other U.S. officers, ca. 1900.</p>
<p>Funston lunch.</p>
<p>American forces in the Philippines. T. Enami Studio, Manila</p>
<p>“Filipino Women Seeking Help from American Soldiers,” stereograph, ca. 1899.</p>
<p>“Manila, Philippine Islands: Maimed Filipinos—Healing the Wounds Our Bullets Inflicted— U.S. Hospital,” stereograph, ca. 1899.</p>
<p>“The right way to Filipino Freedom—Boys in Normal High School, Manila, Philippine Islands.” stereograph, 1900.</p>
<p>“Our young Filipinos in holiday attire at the Fourth of July celebration, Manila, P.I.,” stereograph, ca. 1900.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">U.S. as Civilizers, Gen. MacArthur and Baseball (Figures 32-36)</h2>
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<p>In this video, your professors introduce the figure of General MacArthur, whose long career in the American military spanned from the wars against Native Americans to the end of WWII. Also, look closely at these photographs of American soldiers, depicted as leisurely playing baseball. What was the purpose of images such as these baseball photographs, when shown to home audiences? After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<h3></h3>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">This group photo of U.S. Army officers depicts a sense of confidence in the American mission in the Philippines. Circa 1899-1901.</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">General Arthur MacArthur and General Elwell Stephen Otis (center left and right) with other U.S. officers, ca. 1900.</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">Funston lunch.</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">American forces in the Philippines. T. Enami Studio, Manila</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-18: U.S. as Civilizers: Gen MacArthur and Baseball</h3>
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Checkboxes
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Benevolent Assimilation, July 4th (figure 40) (Discussion Included)</h2>
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<p>Here, your professors introduce a euphemistic phrase and concept used to characterize the American campaign in the Philippines at the time: benevolent assimilation. What does “benevolent assimilation” mean, in theory and in practice? What did American rule promise to Filipinos through this process? Carefully examine this stereograph of Filipino youth at a Fourth of July celebration in 1900. What aspects of the photograph conveyed a sense of Filipino patriotism to the American way? After you watch the video, please complete the exercises.</p>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="03c11ca8b59448d8bb091293dfd9ac94_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What key irony does this particular stereograph belie about American rule in the Philippines?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">U.S. Help - Hospitals and Schools (figures 37-39)</h2>
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<p>Now, turn your attention to these stereographs, which depict American forces as benefactors in the Philippines. In particular, pay attention to the captions. What is the relationship however, between the needs of Filipino people and the effects of the Philippine-American War? Institutions like hospitals and schools became recurring themes in the American photographic archive of their colonial project. How do you think American soldiers and servicemen understood their own roles in the Philippines? After you watch the video, please complete the exercise. </p>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“Filipino Women Seeking Help from American Soldiers,” stereograph, ca. 1899.</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“Manila, Philippine Islands: Maimed Filipinos—Healing the Wounds Our Bullets Inflicted— U.S. Hospital,” stereograph, ca. 1899.</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“The right way to Filipino Freedom—Boys in Normal High School, Manila, Philippine Islands.” stereograph, 1900.</p>
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<legend id="22d903d7f4a541459f0fb39194ec21cd_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How did American-operated schools in the Philippines, such as the one depicted in stereograph here, differ from their Spanish predecessors? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Optional Reading, Chapter 3: A "Civilizing Mission"</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Photography and Power I, Chapter 3: A "Civilizing Mission"</h3>
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