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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to Day 16</h2>
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<p>Today, we will be delving more deeply into the precise ways in which photography aided in the American war effort. The camera allowed American forces to record and visualize their Filipino enemies, whether they are revolutionary leaders, foot soldiers, or already-captured prisoners of war. Take a look at the images that we will be working with, and then, move on to the videos and exercises.</p>
<p><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Warning on viewing historical images</strong><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">: Images from the past can be offensive to view. By showing certain images or discussing certain topics, we do not endorse the views or opinions they present, but seek to understand the past, even when it is difficult to look at in the present. This course does not reflect the views of MIT, MITx, EdX or Visualizing Cultures.</span></p>
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<p>
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<h3>Image Gallery</h3>
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<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p><strong>Image Captions </strong>(from left to right, top to bottom):</p>
<p>Emilio Aguinaldo, the charismatic and youthful Filipino independence leader, 1899-1901.</p>
<p>“Philippine insurgents were mostly from the Tagalo [sic] race which inhabited northern Luzon,” P. Fremont Rockett, Our Boys in the Philippines: A Pictorial History of the War (1899).</p>
<p>“Philippine insurgent troops in the suburbs of Manila,” from Francis Davis Millett, The Expedition to the Philippines (1899).</p>
<p>“Insurgent Troops in the Trenches. (From a Photograph taken during an Action, by an English Telegraph Clerk.),” from Francis Davis Millett, The Expedition to the Philippines (1899).</p>
<p>Captured Filipinos at Pasay and Paranaque, Manila, 1899</p>
<p>“Filipino Prisoners of War at Pasig, Philippine Islands,” stereograph, 1899.</p>
<p>“Officers of the Insurgent Army, Prisoners in Postigo Prison, Manila, Philippine Islands,” stereograph, 1901</p>
<p>Old Bilibid Prison c. 1900 (Wikipedia)</p>
<p>Bilibid Prison, from William Dickson Boyce, The Philippine Islands (1899)</p>
<p>1899 photo of prisoners in Bilibid Prison by G. C. Doher.</p>
<p>Mug shots of Bilibid Prison inmates from Album of Philippine Types (found in Bilibid Prison in 1903) Christians and Moros by Daniel Folkmar, 1904. Click thru on Archive.org: <a href="https://archive.org/details/albumphilippine00folkgoog" target="[object Object]">https://archive.org/details/albumphilippine00folkgoog</a></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Figure 21. Aguinaldo and the Face of the Enemy</h2>
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<p>Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the Filipino revolutionary force, had a long and storied career before the Philippine-American War. His relationship with the United States was also knotted. How do we characterize Aguinaldo's leadership of the Filipino independence movement? What strategies did Aguinaldo decide to turn to in fighting the United States? In this unit, we will examine various images of Aguinaldo. After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
<p>
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<p><span style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Emilio Aguinaldo, the charismatic and youthful Filipino independence leader, 1899-1901.</span></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-14: Emilio Aguinaldo, the charismatic and youthful Filipino independence leader, 1899-1901.</h3>
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<legend id="975dac265a654909ae6387dd3230d2b4_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following statements about Emilio Aguinaldo are true? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Figure 22-27 U.S. Documenting Insurgents</h2>
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<p>The United States meticulously tracked, by camera, the physical features and locations of their Filipino insurgent enemies. In particular, photographers took careful images of prisoners-of-war to keep track of who they were. Closely examine these photographs of captured Filipinos. Where was the setting, and what were their expressions? After you watch the video, please complete the exercise.</p>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;"><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Image Captions </strong>(from left to right, top to bottom):</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“Philippine insurgents were mostly from the Tagalo [sic] race which inhabited northern Luzon,” P. Fremont Rockett, Our Boys in the Philippines: A Pictorial History of the War (1899).</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“Philippine insurgent troops in the suburbs of Manila,” from Francis Davis Millett, The Expedition to the Philippines (1899).</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“Insurgent Troops in the Trenches. (From a Photograph taken during an Action, by an English Telegraph Clerk.),” from Francis Davis Millett, The Expedition to the Philippines (1899).</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">Captured Filipinos at Pasay and Paranaque, Manila, 1899</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“Filipino Prisoners of War at Pasig, Philippine Islands,” stereograph, 1899.</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #4c4c4c;">“Officers of the Insurgent Army, Prisoners in Postigo Prison, Manila, Philippine Islands,” stereograph, 1901</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-15: U.S. Documenting Insurgents</h3>
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True or False?
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<legend id="1a2c045d04124151a0202fb477210276_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The images of Filipino insurgents who have been captured were just as important to American forces as images of Filipino insurgents in action.</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Military Photos, Censorship, and the Flag (Figures 26-27)</h2>
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<p>Military photographs, which have been critical to American operations in the Philippines and elsewhere, go through an extensive censorship process. In this video, your professors discuss the various aspects of the meticulous American project to document their enemies. What is an insurgent? Why was it important to define Filipino independence fighters as such? After you finish watching, please complete the exercise. </p>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="972578632d154f358209e981c3f85271_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">In order for their colonial logic to hold, which label did American forces have to tack onto the Filipino fighters?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Figure 28-31. Bilibid Prison</h2>
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<p>Bilibid Prison in Manila—as it was photographed and depicted by American forces and journalists—captured the interplay of politics, visuality, and power in the Philippines. Phenotyped catalogues of Filipino prisoners, for instance, categorized Filipino peoples according to Western racial logic. Carefully examine these images of and from Bilibid Prison, paying especial attention to the structures of the prison and how they interacted with or reflected the realities of power. After you watch the video, please complete the exercise. </p>
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<td width="33%"><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="photograph of Bilibid prison, building with words Bureau Prisons" src="/assets/courseware/v1/2ddeb2f692c1edccd3cd6c8283834710/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/ModIII-Figure28-BilibidPrison.JPG" /></td>
<td width="33%"><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="photograph of Bilibid Prison from the rooftops" src="/assets/courseware/v1/7a59e3c3639afc04e65a8c5fc20526c2/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/ModIII-Figure29-BilibidPrison.jpg" /></td>
<td width="33%"><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,4)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Filipino prisoners lined up against prison walls" src="/assets/courseware/v1/55b3ff5d50e48e9fe88ea63c14360e1d/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/ph041_1899_UWisc_ph00058_Bilibid.jpg" /></td>
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<td width="33%"><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,6)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="7 mug shots of Bilibid Prison inmates" src="/assets/courseware/v1/29089b03c1d1f680dd906577f06f95b7/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/mugshots_screenshot.jpg" /></td>
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<p>Image Captions (from left to right, top to bottom):</p>
<p>Old Bilibid Prison c. 1900 (Wikipedia)</p>
<p>Bilibid Prison, from William Dickson Boyce, The Philippine Islands (1899)</p>
<p>1899 photo of prisoners in Bilibid Prison by G. C. Doher.</p>
<p>Mug shots of Bilibid Prison inmates from Album of Philippine Types (found in Bilibid Prison in 1903) Christians and Moros by Daniel Folkmar, 1904. Click thru on Archive.org: <a href="https://archive.org/details/albumphilippine00folkgoog" target="[object Object]">https://archive.org/details/albumphilippine00folkgoog</a></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-17: Bilibid Prison</h3>
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<legend id="393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following statements about Bilibid Prison is true? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1[]" id="input_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1"> Bilibid Prison was built by Spanish colonizers in the nineteenth century.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1[]" id="input_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_393fc16548cf4fa994e627b6cbabad3b_2_1"> Bilibid Prison exemplified a panopticon in order to render the space more governable.
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