<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@vertical+block@GCMs:intro" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="VerticalStudentView"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Climate modeling</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@html+block@Climate_modeling"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@html+block@Climate_modeling" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <h2>Climate modeling</h2> <p>So far in 12.340x, we have covered much of the basic physics and chemistry of the Earth's climate system. Climate scientists use these foundations to understand how our planet's climate has changed in the past, and how it will change in the future. However, as you now know, the climate system is extremely complex, and while its individual components can be understood with simple mathematical models, its evolution as a whole cannot be predicted analytically. As such, numerical climate models are an important tool used by scientists to advance our understanding of the Earth's climate system, and the ways in which it may change or evolve over time.</p> <p>In this final segment of the course, we will discuss <b>General Circulation Models (GCMs)</b>, used frequently by scientists to model the Earth's climate.</p> <p><i>Instructor: Kerry Emanuel</i></p> <h2>Module outline</h2> <p>In this module, we will give a broad overview of GCMs. Specifically, the module will address the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>What equations do climate models solve?</li> <li>How do climate models solve these equations?</li> <li>What are the constraints on the numerical methods used in models?</li> <li>How has the state of climate modeling evolved over time?</li> <li>What components of the climate system are simulated in a climate model?</li> <li>What are the capabilities and limitations of today's models?</li> <li>How do we evaluate the performance of climate models?</li> </ul> <h2>Final exam</h2> <p>There is no problem set for this week's material (although it may be tested on the final exam). In place of the problem set, we suggest that you take this light week to review content across the other weeks of the course in preparation for the final.</p> <p>The final exam will be offered from May 17, 2020 at 12:00 UTC to May 22, 2020 at 12:00 UTC, and is designed to take 3 hours. It will be accessible via the navigation pane on the left during that time.</p> <h2>Exit survey</h2> <p>Don't forget to take the <b>important exit survey</b>, which is accessible via the navigation pane to the left.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

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This is also known as the &lt;it&gt;Lagrangian&lt;/it&gt; derivative.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_0&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1-choice_0-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;1 only&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1-choice_1-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;1 and 2 only&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_2&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1-choice_2-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;1, 2 and 4&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_3&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1-choice_3-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;2 only&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_4&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_4&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1-choice_4-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1_choice_4&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;4 only&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Time_derivatives_in_fixed_and_moving_reference_frames_2_1&#34; 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[/mathjax] Here [mathjaxinline]p[/mathjaxinline] is the pressure, and [mathjaxinline]p_s[/mathjaxinline] is the value of the pressure at the surface.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Which of the following is an advantage of using a &#34;sigma&#34; vertical coordinate in a climate model?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_0&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1-choice_0-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;The computation of the pressure gradient is simplified.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1-choice_1-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;Higher accuracy can be acheived with a small number of vertical levels.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_2&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1-choice_2-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;The model levels never intersect the ground.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_3&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1-choice_3-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;It reduces model errors.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_4&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_4&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1-choice_4-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1_choice_4&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;All of the above.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;answer_Vertical_coordinate_systems_in_climate_models_2_1&#34;/&gt; 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@vertical+block@GCMs:vclip3" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="VerticalStudentView"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Numerical considerations for global climate models</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">Numerical considerations for global climate models</h3> <div id="video_Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models" class="video closed" data-metadata='{&#34;savedVideoPosition&#34;: 0.0, &#34;recordedYoutubeIsAvailable&#34;: true, &#34;lmsRootURL&#34;: &#34;https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu&#34;, &#34;saveStateEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;speed&#34;: null, &#34;start&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models/handler/transcript/available_translations&#34;, &#34;autohideHtml5&#34;: false, &#34;publishCompletionUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models/handler/publish_completion&#34;, &#34;completionPercentage&#34;: 0.95, &#34;generalSpeed&#34;: 1.0, &#34;completionEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;prioritizeHls&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptTranslationUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__&#34;, &#34;captionDataDir&#34;: null, &#34;sources&#34;: [], &#34;poster&#34;: null, &#34;ytMetadataEndpoint&#34;: &#34;&#34;, &#34;showCaptions&#34;: &#34;false&#34;, &#34;end&#34;: 0.0, &#34;saveStateUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state&#34;, &#34;autoplay&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptLanguage&#34;: &#34;en&#34;, &#34;duration&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptLanguages&#34;: {&#34;en&#34;: &#34;English&#34;}, &#34;autoAdvance&#34;: false, &#34;ytApiUrl&#34;: &#34;https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api&#34;, &#34;ytTestTimeout&#34;: 1500, &#34;streams&#34;: &#34;1.00:Ab-Bw5sVGig&#34;}' data-bumper-metadata='null' data-autoadvance-enabled="False" data-poster='null' tabindex="-1" > <div class="focus_grabber first"></div> <div class="tc-wrapper"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span> <span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span> <div class="video-player-pre"></div> <div class="video-player"> <div id="Numerical_considerations_for_global_climate_models"></div> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden"> Your browser does not support this video format. 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This flow includes many types of waves, the fastest of which are long-wavelength gravity waves, whose phase speed may be up to 40 m/s. If we use a model with a grid spacing of 1 km, which of the following is a possible time step with which we would be able to successfully simulate the flow?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Remember, simulations may become unstable if they violate the &#34;CFL condition&#34; as described in the video. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_0&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1-choice_0-label&#34; for=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;10 seconds&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1-choice_1-label&#34; for=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;10 minutes&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_2&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1-choice_2-label&#34; for=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;1 hour&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_3&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1-choice_3-label&#34; for=&#34;input_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;1 minute&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;answer_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/fieldset&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;indicator-container&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;status unanswered&#34; id=&#34;status_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_2_1&#34; data-tooltip=&#34;Not yet answered.&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;sr&#34;&gt;unanswered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#34;status-icon&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;/&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;solution-span&#34;&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;solution_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition_solution_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;action&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;problem_id&#34; value=&#34;The Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition&#34; /&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;submit-attempt-container&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;submit btn-brand&#34; data-submitting=&#34;Submitting&#34; data-value=&#34;Submit&#34; data-should-enable-submit-button=&#34;True&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;submission_feedback_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition&#34; &gt; &lt;span class=&#34;submit-label&#34;&gt;Submit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/button&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;submission-feedback&#34; id=&#34;submission_feedback_The_Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy_CFL_condition&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;sr&#34;&gt;Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@vertical+block@GCMs:vclip4" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="VerticalStudentView"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">History of numerical weather forecast models</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">History of numerical weather forecast models</h3> <div id="video_History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models" class="video closed" data-metadata='{&#34;savedVideoPosition&#34;: 0.0, &#34;recordedYoutubeIsAvailable&#34;: true, &#34;lmsRootURL&#34;: &#34;https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu&#34;, &#34;saveStateEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;speed&#34;: null, &#34;start&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models/handler/transcript/available_translations&#34;, &#34;autohideHtml5&#34;: false, &#34;publishCompletionUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models/handler/publish_completion&#34;, &#34;completionPercentage&#34;: 0.95, &#34;generalSpeed&#34;: 1.0, &#34;completionEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;prioritizeHls&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptTranslationUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__&#34;, &#34;captionDataDir&#34;: null, &#34;sources&#34;: [], &#34;poster&#34;: null, &#34;ytMetadataEndpoint&#34;: &#34;&#34;, &#34;showCaptions&#34;: &#34;false&#34;, &#34;end&#34;: 0.0, &#34;saveStateUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state&#34;, &#34;autoplay&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptLanguage&#34;: &#34;en&#34;, &#34;duration&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptLanguages&#34;: {&#34;en&#34;: &#34;English&#34;}, &#34;autoAdvance&#34;: false, &#34;ytApiUrl&#34;: &#34;https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api&#34;, &#34;ytTestTimeout&#34;: 1500, &#34;streams&#34;: &#34;1.00:gfzeN2gFTNQ&#34;}' data-bumper-metadata='null' data-autoadvance-enabled="False" data-poster='null' tabindex="-1" > <div class="focus_grabber first"></div> <div class="tc-wrapper"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span> <span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span> <div class="video-player-pre"></div> <div class="video-player"> <div id="History_of_numerical_weather_forecast_models"></div> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden"> Your browser does not support this video format. 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@vertical+block@GCMs:vclip5" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="VerticalStudentView"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">What is in a climate model?</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@What_is_in_a_climate_model_"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@What_is_in_a_climate_model_" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">What is in a climate model?</h3> <div id="video_What_is_in_a_climate_model_" class="video closed" data-metadata='{&#34;savedVideoPosition&#34;: 0.0, &#34;recordedYoutubeIsAvailable&#34;: true, &#34;lmsRootURL&#34;: &#34;https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu&#34;, &#34;saveStateEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;speed&#34;: null, &#34;start&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@What_is_in_a_climate_model_/handler/transcript/available_translations&#34;, &#34;autohideHtml5&#34;: false, &#34;publishCompletionUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@What_is_in_a_climate_model_/handler/publish_completion&#34;, &#34;completionPercentage&#34;: 0.95, &#34;generalSpeed&#34;: 1.0, &#34;completionEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;prioritizeHls&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptTranslationUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@What_is_in_a_climate_model_/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__&#34;, &#34;captionDataDir&#34;: null, &#34;sources&#34;: [], &#34;poster&#34;: null, &#34;ytMetadataEndpoint&#34;: &#34;&#34;, &#34;showCaptions&#34;: &#34;false&#34;, &#34;end&#34;: 0.0, &#34;saveStateUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@What_is_in_a_climate_model_/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state&#34;, &#34;autoplay&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptLanguage&#34;: &#34;en&#34;, &#34;duration&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptLanguages&#34;: {&#34;en&#34;: &#34;English&#34;}, &#34;autoAdvance&#34;: false, &#34;ytApiUrl&#34;: &#34;https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api&#34;, &#34;ytTestTimeout&#34;: 1500, &#34;streams&#34;: &#34;1.00:R_77hFMC0g4&#34;}' data-bumper-metadata='null' data-autoadvance-enabled="False" data-poster='null' tabindex="-1" > <div class="focus_grabber first"></div> <div class="tc-wrapper"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span> <span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span> <div class="video-player-pre"></div> <div class="video-player"> <div id="What_is_in_a_climate_model_"></div> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden"> Your browser does not support this video format. 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The Japanese Earth Simulator was the fastest super computer in the world between 2002 and 2004.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Weather_and_Climate_2_1-choice_1-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;Climate models include more processes than weather forecast models. In particular, the coupling of an atmospheric model to an ocean model allows for the prediction of weather much farther ahead.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_2&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Weather_and_Climate_2_1-choice_2-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;Climate scientists are smarter than meteorologists.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_3&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Weather_and_Climate_2_1-choice_3-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Weather_and_Climate_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;When we examine climate models we consider different statistics -- such as the global temperature averaged over a sufficiently long time periods -- to the variables typically predicted by weather forecast models -- e.g., whether it will rain in the town of Cairns tomorrow. &lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;answer_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/fieldset&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;indicator-container&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;status unanswered&#34; id=&#34;status_Weather_and_Climate_2_1&#34; data-tooltip=&#34;Not yet answered.&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;sr&#34;&gt;unanswered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#34;status-icon&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;/&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;solution-span&#34;&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;solution_Weather_and_Climate_solution_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;action&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;problem_id&#34; value=&#34;Weather and Climate&#34; /&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;submit-attempt-container&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;submit btn-brand&#34; data-submitting=&#34;Submitting&#34; data-value=&#34;Submit&#34; data-should-enable-submit-button=&#34;True&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;submission_feedback_Weather_and_Climate&#34; &gt; &lt;span class=&#34;submit-label&#34;&gt;Submit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/button&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;submission-feedback&#34; id=&#34;submission_feedback_Weather_and_Climate&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;sr&#34;&gt;Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@vertical+block@GCMs:vclip6" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="VerticalStudentView"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Model parameterizations</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_parameterizations"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_parameterizations" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">Model parameterizations</h3> <div id="video_Model_parameterizations" class="video closed" data-metadata='{&#34;savedVideoPosition&#34;: 0.0, &#34;recordedYoutubeIsAvailable&#34;: true, &#34;lmsRootURL&#34;: &#34;https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu&#34;, &#34;saveStateEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;speed&#34;: null, &#34;start&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_parameterizations/handler/transcript/available_translations&#34;, &#34;autohideHtml5&#34;: false, &#34;publishCompletionUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_parameterizations/handler/publish_completion&#34;, &#34;completionPercentage&#34;: 0.95, &#34;generalSpeed&#34;: 1.0, &#34;completionEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;prioritizeHls&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptTranslationUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_parameterizations/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__&#34;, &#34;captionDataDir&#34;: null, &#34;sources&#34;: [], &#34;poster&#34;: null, &#34;ytMetadataEndpoint&#34;: &#34;&#34;, &#34;showCaptions&#34;: &#34;false&#34;, &#34;end&#34;: 0.0, &#34;saveStateUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_parameterizations/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state&#34;, &#34;autoplay&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptLanguage&#34;: &#34;en&#34;, &#34;duration&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptLanguages&#34;: {&#34;en&#34;: &#34;English&#34;}, &#34;autoAdvance&#34;: false, &#34;ytApiUrl&#34;: &#34;https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api&#34;, &#34;ytTestTimeout&#34;: 1500, &#34;streams&#34;: &#34;1.00:v2HHO702tJ0&#34;}' data-bumper-metadata='null' data-autoadvance-enabled="False" data-poster='null' tabindex="-1" > <div class="focus_grabber first"></div> <div class="tc-wrapper"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span> <span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span> <div class="video-player-pre"></div> <div class="video-player"> <div id="Model_parameterizations"></div> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden"> Your browser does not support this video format. 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id=&#34;Which_processes_do_we_parameterize_-problem-title&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@problem+block@Which_processes_do_we_parameterize_-problem-progress&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; Which processes do we parameterize? &lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem-progress&#34; id=&#34;block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@problem+block@Which_processes_do_we_parameterize_-problem-progress&#34;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem&#34;&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;span&gt; &lt;p&gt; Which one of the following processes must be parameterized in a climate model?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_0&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1-choice_0-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;convective clouds&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1-choice_1-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;cloud-radiative interactions&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_2&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1-choice_2-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_3&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1-choice_3-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;cloud-aerosol interactions&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_4&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_4&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1-choice_4-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1_choice_4&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;all of the above&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;answer_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/fieldset&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;indicator-container&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;status unanswered&#34; id=&#34;status_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__2_1&#34; data-tooltip=&#34;Not yet answered.&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;sr&#34;&gt;unanswered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#34;status-icon&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;/&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;solution-span&#34;&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;solution_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize__solution_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;action&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;problem_id&#34; value=&#34;Which processes do we parameterize?&#34; /&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;submit-attempt-container&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;submit btn-brand&#34; data-submitting=&#34;Submitting&#34; data-value=&#34;Submit&#34; data-should-enable-submit-button=&#34;True&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;submission_feedback_Which_processes_do_we_parameterize_&#34; 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@vertical+block@GCMs:vclip8" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="VerticalStudentView"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Model projections</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_projections"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_projections" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-has-score="False" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-version="1" data-request-token="da186ec2dbe111ef905312ab06d4b43d" data-graded="False" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">Model projections</h3> <div id="video_Model_projections" class="video closed" data-metadata='{&#34;savedVideoPosition&#34;: 0.0, &#34;recordedYoutubeIsAvailable&#34;: true, &#34;lmsRootURL&#34;: &#34;https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu&#34;, &#34;saveStateEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;speed&#34;: null, &#34;start&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_projections/handler/transcript/available_translations&#34;, &#34;autohideHtml5&#34;: false, &#34;publishCompletionUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_projections/handler/publish_completion&#34;, &#34;completionPercentage&#34;: 0.95, &#34;generalSpeed&#34;: 1.0, &#34;completionEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;prioritizeHls&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptTranslationUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_projections/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__&#34;, &#34;captionDataDir&#34;: null, &#34;sources&#34;: [], &#34;poster&#34;: null, &#34;ytMetadataEndpoint&#34;: &#34;&#34;, &#34;showCaptions&#34;: &#34;false&#34;, &#34;end&#34;: 0.0, &#34;saveStateUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020/xblock/block-v1:MITx+12.340x+1T2020+type@video+block@Model_projections/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state&#34;, &#34;autoplay&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptLanguage&#34;: &#34;en&#34;, &#34;duration&#34;: 0.0, &#34;transcriptLanguages&#34;: {&#34;en&#34;: &#34;English&#34;}, &#34;autoAdvance&#34;: false, &#34;ytApiUrl&#34;: &#34;https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api&#34;, &#34;ytTestTimeout&#34;: 1500, &#34;streams&#34;: &#34;1.00:KwL3_IbB8EI&#34;}' data-bumper-metadata='null' data-autoadvance-enabled="False" data-poster='null' tabindex="-1" > <div class="focus_grabber first"></div> <div class="tc-wrapper"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span> <span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span> <div class="video-player-pre"></div> <div class="video-player"> <div id="Model_projections"></div> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden"> Your browser does not support this video format. 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Which is most important for predicting the global mean temperature one century into the future? &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_0&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1-choice_0-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;Internal variability is most important for both timescales.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1-choice_1-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;Model error is most important for both timescales.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_2&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1-choice_2-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;Internal variability is most important for short term predictions, but the other sources become dominant for predictions a century ahead.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_3&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1-choice_3-label&#34; for=&#34;input_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;text&gt;All sources of uncertainty are roughly equally important at all timescales.&lt;/text&gt; &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;answer_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/fieldset&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;indicator-container&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;status unanswered&#34; id=&#34;status_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_2_1&#34; data-tooltip=&#34;Not yet answered.&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;sr&#34;&gt;unanswered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&#34;status-icon&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;/&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;solution-span&#34;&gt; &lt;span id=&#34;solution_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes_solution_1&#34;/&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;action&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;problem_id&#34; value=&#34;Uncertainty in future global temperature changes&#34; /&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;submit-attempt-container&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;submit btn-brand&#34; data-submitting=&#34;Submitting&#34; data-value=&#34;Submit&#34; data-should-enable-submit-button=&#34;True&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;submission_feedback_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes&#34; &gt; &lt;span class=&#34;submit-label&#34;&gt;Submit&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/button&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;submission-feedback&#34; id=&#34;submission_feedback_Uncertainty_in_future_global_temperature_changes&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;sr&#34;&gt;Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. 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