The Science and Business of Biotechnology

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@vertical+block@4e8853fab13e4e018d2194ee4e47e61f" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="vertical" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Why is Medicine Different?</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="video" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">Why is Medicine Different?</h3> <div id="video_473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c" class="video closed" data-metadata='{"generalSpeed": 1.0, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/58a4bbdfa2254364a34fb032d586853e.png?Expires=1638715513&Signature=p34oAl78dsL8l0nQNPnJFc8ohS4%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDEy237a1I202AnYH%2B8N6hms0LROT%2FBfRw3VaR10ATzxQIhAOgaGLP7EyIGth9k%2Fq4LWo49qaWA%2FBthkyeRy63ii1d7KvoDCHcQAhoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxdWSG%2FccUGzMZv3LUq1wPif5eSf4BvRuLCeRVsPTSOIerYKFuHd%2BFQ%2FGCCdR6BmddOPepcY90ozZTr0otvNYWGVxLwsVNeN7eiG7S55G3K9tGLsflJpt6%2FufvwMe0nK2Az1FLMlAqgF68XUnUms4%2BCSFLvLmhPCwvye6SsMRMgZyWjgpGdctnoyKIx6biww%2FjQxD6CGLV%2B%2FhmGx1%2BzYKqyBgBcPgnJKYloD7bhqTfNhR2Un64tn3m56URvNiunkVOHgzkb9%2BU1PyuOlNyfmPlJBg%2BxPprtf0SAMYbHmgMiBjFU10sWduPIsBRC6g7GPiEYhEKe9X%2BfFdJ%2BgRx6fFFAR9PedKvtvTxdox79yoy4wGlSqBDDdWMp4q7UDGEnDOy2Sz9MphSmuy9hACxIlCoPOxQG3IR9FQHWGZd1GWeg%2BVHVc0XYf30V46321eaSAALtvJ0QNI1%2FArriExqDPpnLjarEHw3lhp%2FKerxxy2tW%2FZ9gQ625yYBSTFeKJLCeJvxfYMBCVpAHH2KOI5VR7YcEsSF%2BBm9401z04oGx4TjQDmltXAIwxg%2Fp0OLKzs8TikmU2jcft3ikvjuDfA%2FvNmRvFIPeTzlXN3FHhRO%2BFqt3wZSv24k1lqP0J9xZIYntnKBb6NoMDtIwlJGzjQY6pAHicNy%2F0SAopx32MWGeM6teOoni5ykcYhjEOl2bpp1s%2FmTf9G9LWbZPJ9RTS9iF9i6elgWG8jNj%2FTJxckCiCKFLawRXvM0%2FR28FnIi6s5EZttAw1%2BwGIkMXGVTLS3EY%2FCNAISTSp4Gckue0BH5eSX7iGIOeAw7I%2B2cSgYYGFrX9j6VSBCQ3f9UT3QkVea5J9USVhwSoj6uEhObAu4sxndKeNjgErg%3D%3D&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR7S3TU6AV", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c/handler/publish_completion", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITx15.482x-V013500_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITx15.482x-V013500/MITx15.482x-V013500.m3u8"], "completionPercentage": 0.95, "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "streams": "", "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c/handler/transcript/available_translations", "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "speed": null, "autoAdvance": false, "saveStateEnabled": false, "start": 0.0, "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "duration": 105.46, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "showCaptions": "true", "end": 0.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "captionDataDir": null, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "completionEnabled": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0}' data-bumper-metadata='null' data-autoadvance-enabled="False" data-poster='null' tabindex="-1" > <div class="focus_grabber first"></div> <div class="tc-wrapper"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span> <span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span> <div class="video-player-pre"></div> <div class="video-player"> <div id="473a0a58f42a405586e5a8259920584c"></div> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden"> Your browser does not support this video format. 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@vertical+block@5e57944336e8485fbef0eb2ae9749385" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="vertical" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Why Not Create “Consumer Reports”?</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="video" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">Why Not Create “Consumer Reports”?</h3> <div id="video_baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae" class="video closed" data-metadata='{"generalSpeed": 1.0, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/d505c27118ce431cb868a68bda05c11d.png?Expires=1638715514&Signature=%2BhgP62dbPcJ3RrSeorXkUP8S2Vg%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDEy237a1I202AnYH%2B8N6hms0LROT%2FBfRw3VaR10ATzxQIhAOgaGLP7EyIGth9k%2Fq4LWo49qaWA%2FBthkyeRy63ii1d7KvoDCHcQAhoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxdWSG%2FccUGzMZv3LUq1wPif5eSf4BvRuLCeRVsPTSOIerYKFuHd%2BFQ%2FGCCdR6BmddOPepcY90ozZTr0otvNYWGVxLwsVNeN7eiG7S55G3K9tGLsflJpt6%2FufvwMe0nK2Az1FLMlAqgF68XUnUms4%2BCSFLvLmhPCwvye6SsMRMgZyWjgpGdctnoyKIx6biww%2FjQxD6CGLV%2B%2FhmGx1%2BzYKqyBgBcPgnJKYloD7bhqTfNhR2Un64tn3m56URvNiunkVOHgzkb9%2BU1PyuOlNyfmPlJBg%2BxPprtf0SAMYbHmgMiBjFU10sWduPIsBRC6g7GPiEYhEKe9X%2BfFdJ%2BgRx6fFFAR9PedKvtvTxdox79yoy4wGlSqBDDdWMp4q7UDGEnDOy2Sz9MphSmuy9hACxIlCoPOxQG3IR9FQHWGZd1GWeg%2BVHVc0XYf30V46321eaSAALtvJ0QNI1%2FArriExqDPpnLjarEHw3lhp%2FKerxxy2tW%2FZ9gQ625yYBSTFeKJLCeJvxfYMBCVpAHH2KOI5VR7YcEsSF%2BBm9401z04oGx4TjQDmltXAIwxg%2Fp0OLKzs8TikmU2jcft3ikvjuDfA%2FvNmRvFIPeTzlXN3FHhRO%2BFqt3wZSv24k1lqP0J9xZIYntnKBb6NoMDtIwlJGzjQY6pAHicNy%2F0SAopx32MWGeM6teOoni5ykcYhjEOl2bpp1s%2FmTf9G9LWbZPJ9RTS9iF9i6elgWG8jNj%2FTJxckCiCKFLawRXvM0%2FR28FnIi6s5EZttAw1%2BwGIkMXGVTLS3EY%2FCNAISTSp4Gckue0BH5eSX7iGIOeAw7I%2B2cSgYYGFrX9j6VSBCQ3f9UT3QkVea5J9USVhwSoj6uEhObAu4sxndKeNjgErg%3D%3D&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR7S3TU6AV", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae/handler/publish_completion", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITx15.482x-V012800_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITx15.482x-V012800/MITx15.482x-V012800.m3u8"], "completionPercentage": 0.95, "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "streams": "", "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae/handler/transcript/available_translations", "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@video+block@baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "speed": null, "autoAdvance": false, "saveStateEnabled": false, "start": 0.0, "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "duration": 178.58, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "showCaptions": "true", "end": 0.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "captionDataDir": null, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "completionEnabled": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0}' data-bumper-metadata='null' data-autoadvance-enabled="False" data-poster='null' tabindex="-1" > <div class="focus_grabber first"></div> <div class="tc-wrapper"> <div class="video-wrapper"> <span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span> <span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span> <div class="video-player-pre"></div> <div class="video-player"> <div id="baea4429b43d4879aa4e95e2f1edf0ae"></div> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4> <h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden"> Your browser does not support this video format. 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@vertical+block@a80130447fc7485bb90bade02a004f03" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="vertical" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Interactive: ICER</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@html+block@5c2be7a58c7f4e519ed966048ca38d2f"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@html+block@5c2be7a58c7f4e519ed966048ca38d2f" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="html" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p style="text-align: left;">The graph below shows the region (shaded green) for therapies deemed cost-effective given a particular cost-effectiveness threshold.  What happens to the cost-effectiveness of a therapy if you decrease its incremental effectiveness (measured in QALYs). What happens if you lower its incremental cost?</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><iframe title="Perpetuity" src="https://courses.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+15.482x+1T2019+type@asset+block@Unit10_ICER.html" width="540" height="620" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"> Your browser does not support IFrames. </iframe></p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@vertical+block@1dff71cff1d9457382159f1d4f51f7ee" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="vertical" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise: ICER</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@problem+block@2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@problem+block@2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="4085fc7155d911ecbee71652d7ed4529" data-block-type="problem" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Problem"} </script> <div id="problem_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898" class="problems-wrapper" role="group" aria-labelledby="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-title" data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@problem+block@2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021/xblock/block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@problem+block@2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898/handler/xmodule_handler" data-problem-score="0" data-problem-total-possible="1" data-attempts-used="0" data-content=" <h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@problem+block@2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-progress" tabindex="-1"> Exercise: ICER </h3> <div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+15.480x+3T2021+type@problem+block@2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-progress"></div> <div class="problem"> <div> <p>Suppose that the standard treatment for metastatic breast cancer costs $100,000, and provides patients an additional 2 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), on average. A more effective treatment is discovered that provides patients 2.8 QALYs, but costs $200,000. If the ICER threshold for deciding whether or not to fund a therapy is $60,000 per QALY, then will this new treatment be deemed cost-effective and funded?</p> <p> <div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1"> <fieldset aria-describedby="status_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1"> <div class="field"> <input type="radio" name="input_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1" id="input_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1"> Yes </label> </div> <div class="field"> <input type="radio" name="input_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1" id="input_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1"> No </label> </div> <span id="answer_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1"/> </fieldset> <div class="indicator-container"> <span class="status unanswered" id="status_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered."> <span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/> </span> </div> </div></div> </p> <div class="solution-span"> <span id="solution_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898_solution_1"/> </div></div> <div class="action"> <input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Exercise: ICER" /> <div class="submit-attempt-container"> <button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898" > <span class="submit-label">Submit</span> </button> <div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898"> <span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span> </div> </div> <div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper"> <span class="problem-action-button-wrapper"> <button type="button" class="show problem-action-btn btn-default btn-small" aria-describedby="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-title"><span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="show-label">Show Answer</span></button> </span> </div> </div> <div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert is-hidden" tabindex="-1"> <span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-title"> </span> <div class="notification-btn-wrapper"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button> </div> </div> <div class="notification warning notification-save is-hidden" tabindex="-1"> <span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-title">None </span> <div class="notification-btn-wrapper"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button> </div> </div> <div class="notification general notification-show-answer is-hidden" tabindex="-1"> <span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="2e3144cfe03b47169f0c27ba9b4c3898-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem </span> <div class="notification-btn-wrapper"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button> </div> </div> </div> " data-graded="False"> <p class="loading-spinner"> <i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i> <span class="sr">Loading…</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

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