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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Effects of Gravity and Atmospheric Drag, Part 1</h2>
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<h2>2.4.1 The Effects of Gravity and Atmospheric Drag, Part 1</h2>
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Describe the basic principles of rocket propulsion and explain the different forces acting on a rocket" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.1</button></p>
<p>Thus far, we have considered the case of rocket propulsion in free space. In reality, however, the effects of gravity and atmospheric drag play a significant role and make it more difficult to launch into space. This will be the subject of the next two videos. </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Effects of Gravity and Atmospheric Drag, Part 2</h2>
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<h2>2.4.2 The Effects of Gravity and Atmospheric Drag, Part 2</h2>
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Describe the basic principles of rocket propulsion and explain the different forces acting on a rocket" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.1</button></p>
<p>When taking off from a planetary surface, the balance between thrust and weight is enormously important. With respect to this point, not all rockets are created equal. In the next video we will discuss why, for example, a Saturn V rocket launches a lot more slowly than the Space Shuttle.</p>
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<h2>2.4.3 Interactive Simulations</h2>
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Describe the basic principles of rocket propulsion and explain the different forces acting on a rocket" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.1</button></p>
<p>There are a number of interactive simulations that help demonstrate the importance of gravity and atmospheric drag as they relate to propulsion and spaceflight. Below, you will find two great examples from the <a href="http://phet.colorado.edu/">PhET Interactive Simulations Project</a> at the University of Colorado.</p>
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<p>In this projectile motion simulation, explore how an object's mass, size, launch angle, and initial speed affect its trajectory. How does the trajectory change when air resistance (drag) is added? Think about the implications of these results for rocket propulsion and spaceflight.
</p>
<iframe src="https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/projectile-motion/latest/projectile-motion_en.html" width="800" height="600" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen></iframe> width="800" height="600"></iframe>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Simulation credit: PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado, <a href="http://phet.colorado.edu">http://phet.colorado.edu</a>.<br> Used under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.</span></em> </p>
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<p>Thrust is not just important for launching rockets into space. In space exploration, thrust is also critical for <b>deceleration</b> in order to land spacecraft on planetary surfaces. Applying what you have learned about the balance of propulsive and gravitational forces on a rocket, attempt to safely land a spacecraft on the lunar surface by firing thrusters to decelerate its fall.</p>
<iframe src="https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/lunar-lander/lunar-lander_en.html" width="800" height="600"></iframe>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Simulation credit: PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado, <a href="http://phet.colorado.edu">http://phet.colorado.edu</a>.<br> Used under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.</span></em> </p>
<!--<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Schematic of a water bottle rocket (Source: <a href="http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktbot.html">NASA</a>)</span></em></p>-->
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: The Effects of Gravity and Atmospheric Drag</h2>
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<h2>2.4.4 Review of Concepts: The Effects of Gravity and Atmospheric Drag (EQ)</h2>
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Overcoming Gravity
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<p>Consider a rocket taking off from the surface of the Moon. The rocket has two engines with identical \(I_\text{sp} \), connected to a single propellant system. </p>
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<legend id="055bda0f449c471db6e8a871c4d88da6_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">If one engine fails, which factor will be the most directly affected?</legend>
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Forces on a Rocket
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<p>Consider a rocket on an upward trajectory shortly after launch, while still traveling in the Earth's atmosphere. Identify the forces acting on the rocket by dragging and dropping the appropriate labels. Note that the magnitude of the vector forces are not drawn to scale.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Other Types of Propulsion Systems</h2>
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<h2>2.4.5 Other Types of Propulsion SYstems</h2>
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Identify the different types of rocket propulsion systems and describe the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each system" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.2</button></p>
<p>So far, we have learned about solid and liquid rockets. However, there are other types of propulsion systems, such as nuclear thermal and electric propulsion. In the following video, we will discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these methods as compared to traditional chemical propulsion.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: Electric Propulsion</h2>
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<h2>2.4.6 Review of Concepts: Electric Propulsion (eq)</h2>
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Identify the different types of rocket propulsion systems and describe the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each system" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.2</button> <button border-radius="2px" class="mo_button" onclick="window.location.href='/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+3T2016/5e0e82a56b234a2aaf12ac0b3359c3c5#MO23';" style="cursor: pointer;" title="MO 2.3:
Apply the Ideal Rocket Equation to calculate the performance of single- and multi-stage rockets" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.3 </button></p>
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Characteristics of Electric Propulsion
</h3>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1">
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<legend id="bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of these statements are true of electric propulsion engines? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1[]" id="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1"> They require a smaller propellant fraction to achieve a given \(\Delta V\) than chemical propulsion systems
</label>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1[]" id="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1"> They can be used to launch satellites from the Earth's surface into orbit
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1[]" id="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1"> They are known for producing high exhaust velocity and high thrust
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1[]" id="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_bf5748861f734f9c87a778ffb8a66b4d_2_1"> They are well-suited for unmanned interplanetary missions
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Chemical vs. Electric Propulsion
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<p>Assume you have a rocket in Earth orbit and want to go to Mars. The required change in velocity is \(\Delta V \approx 9.6 \,\text{km/s}\). There are two options for the propulsion system --- chemical and electric --- each with a different specific impulse. Recall that the relationship between specific impulse and exhaust velocity is:</p>
<p>\( V_\text{ex} = g_0\, I_\text{sp} \)</p>
<p>Using the Ideal Rocket Equation and setting \(g_0 = 9.81\, \text{m/s}^2\), calculate the propellant fraction required to achieve the necessary \( \Delta V \) for each of propulsion system.</p>
<h1>Part 1: Cryogenic Chemical Propulsion </h1>
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</div><h1>Part 2: Electric Propulsion</h1>
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