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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">How Rockets Work</h2>
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<h2>2.2.1 Basics of Rocket Propulsion</h2>
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<p>To understand how rockets work, we have to first learn about the basic principles that underlie propulsion. In this video, Prof. Hoffman reviews Newton's Laws of Motion (which will be explained in more detail in the next subsection), and show that the same principles that make it possible for airplanes to fly are also responsible for launching rockets into space.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Newton's Laws of Motion</h2>
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<h2>2.2.2 Newton's Laws of Motion</h2>
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<p>Newton's Laws of Motion were first published in 1687 in his seminal work <em>Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</em> (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), often referred to simply as the <em>Principia</em>. These three laws are used to describe the motion of an object resulting from the forces acting upon that object. Together, they form the foundation of classical mechanics.</p>
<ol>
<li>An object in a state of uniform motion (i.e., at rest or moving at a constant velocity) will remain in that state of motion unless acted on by an external force.</li>
<li>The vector sum of the forces \(\vec{F}\) acting on a object is equal to the mass \(m\) of the object multiplied by its acceleration vector \(\vec{a}\).</li>
<li>Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.</li>
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Explore the simulations below to see Newton's Laws of Motion in action. Try changing the mass of the object being moved, the applied force, the amount of friction, etc. How do these parameters affect the speed and acceleration of the resulting motion? Are there any results that surprise you? Use the discussion forum below the simulation to discuss your findings.
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Simulation credit: PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado, <a href="http://phet.colorado.edu">http://phet.colorado.edu</a>.<br> Used under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.</span></em> </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Solid Rockets</h2>
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<h2>2.2.3 Solid Rockets</h2>
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<p>To begin our study of chemical rocket propulsion, we first introduce solid rockets, sometimes known as solid-fuel rockets. The use of solid rockets dates back many centuries to the introduction of fireworks by the Chinese. In modern-day aerospace engineering, solid rockets are still used in a number of applications, from sounding rockets that carry scientific experiements into sub-orbital flight to the enormous solid rocket boosters that helped propel the Space Shuttle out of the Earth's atmosphere.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Liquid Rockets</h2>
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<h2>2.2.4 Liquid Rockets</h2>
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Describe the basic principles of rocket propulsion and explain the different forces acting on a rocket" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.1</button> <button border-radius="2px" class="mo_button" onclick="window.location.href='/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+3T2016/5e0e82a56b234a2aaf12ac0b3359c3c5#MO22';" style="cursor: pointer;" title="MO 2.2:
Identify the different types of rocket propulsion systems and describe the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each system" type="button" id="LD">MO 2.2</button></p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/df0e02f1dbcb4fd70f71bc9d9c0437ab/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/GoddardRocket300.jpg" alt="Robert Goddard with liquid-fueled rocket" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p>Robert Goddard is often regarded as the father of modern rocketry. His groundbreaking work, <a href="http://www.clarku.edu/research/archives/pdf/ext_altitudes.pdf"><em>A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes</em></a>, published in 1919, laid the theoretical foundation for spaceflight. In this photo, Prof. Goddard is standing next to the launch frame of his most famous invention, the liquid-propellant rocket. </p>
<p>In the following video, Prof. Hoffman describes the development and operation of modern-day liquid rockets.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Liquid Rockets</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: Chemical Propulsion</h2>
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<h2>2.2.5 Review of Concepts: Chemical Propulsion (EQ)</h2>
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Rocket Propellant
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<p>What are the two components that make up the propellant of a rocket? Be sure to check your spelling, and do not leave any extra spaces before or after your answer.</p>
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Characteristics of Solid Rockets
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<legend id="84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of these statements are true of solid rockets? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1[]" id="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1"> They are relatively simple to build and operate
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1[]" id="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1"> They inherently produce more thrust than liquid rockets
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1[]" id="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1"> They provide limited ability to control thrust
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1[]" id="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_84721163975f4593b298460648a7f46c_2_1"> They generate a lot of noise and vibration
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Characteristics of Liquid Rockets
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<legend id="6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of these statements are true of liquid rockets? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1[]" id="input_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1"> They inherently produce less thrust than solid rockets
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1[]" id="input_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6cd7fb80d76441258a4c8f1e5c047417_2_1"> They must store the propellant components onboard in separate compartments
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Water Bottle Rockets</h2>
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<h2>2.2.6 Water Bottle Rockets</h2>
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<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/a7fe73f0b1621dbbf69912f334cc0089/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/BottleRocketSchematicNASA600.gif" alt="Schematic of water bottle rocket" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Schematic of a water bottle rocket (Image credit: <a href="http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/rktbot.html">NASA</a>)</span></em></p>
<p>Building a rocket that can launch into orbit is a highly complex feat of engineering. However, the principles of propulsion can be demonstrated using a much simpler water bottle rocket. In a water bottle rocket, the frame is constructed from plastic soda bottles, the fins are typically made from materials such as cardboard or balsa wood, and the propellant consists of water, which is expelled from the rocket by pressurized air supplied from a bicycle pump.</p>
<p>In the following video, watch as Prof. Hoffman explains how a water bottle rocket works and launches one from the MIT athletic fields.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video Segment: Water Bottle Rockets</h3>
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<h3>Additional Resources</h3>
<p>If you would like to build your own water bottle rocket, here are some resources to check out. Feel free to suggest others in the discussion forum below. But remember --- <span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong>SAFETY FIRST!</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/BottleRocket/about.htm" target="[object Object]">All About Water Rockets (NASA)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/bang/handson/waterbottlerockets.shtml" target="[object Object]">Water Bottle Rockets (BBC)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/how-to/intro/0,,20258045,00.html" target="[object Object]">How to Build a Water Rocket (This Old House)</a></li>
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