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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Effects of Weightlessness on the Circulatory System</h2>
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<h2>5.3.1 The Effects of Weightlessness on the Circulatory System</h2>
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<p>We begin our discussion of human physiology in space by looking at the effects of weightlessness on the heart and the circulatory system. In the early days of spaceflight, astronauts returning from orbit would often encounter dizziness, fainting (syncope), and an inability to stand upright. As Prof. Hoffman will explain, these adverse effects are related to how blood is circulated through the body, and to changes in blood pressure due to being in a microgravity environment for an extended period of time.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">On-Orbit Fluid Shifts</h2>
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<h2>5.3.2 On-Orbit Fluid Shifts</h2>
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<p>One physiological phenomenon that occurs in space is a significant shift of fluids from the lower body into the head. This shift is also associated with a reduction in red blood cells. Upon returning to Earth, the fluids are replaced, but astronauts can experience "space anemia" due to dilution of the already low red blood cell count. In the next video, Prof. Hoffman provides a detailed explanation of on-orbit fluid shifts and the anemia of spaceflight.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Mitigating the Effects of Weightlessness on the Circulatory System</h2>
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<h2>5.3.3 Mitigating the Effects of Weightlessness on the Circulatory System</h2>
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Discuss the countermeasures that have been developed to mitigate the adverse effects of weightlessness on the circulatory system, the musculoskeletal system, and the neurophysiological system" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.11</button></p>
<p>There are a number of countermeasures that can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of weightlessness on the circulatory system. These include regular exercise, wearing anti-gravity garments (G suits), and loading the body with salts and fluids prior to re-entry. These approaches are described in the following video, along with how extended bed rest studies on Earth can improve our understanding of the physiological changes that occur during spaceflight.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: The Heart and Circulatory System</h2>
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<h2>5.3.4 Review of Concepts: The Heart and Circulatory System</h2>
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Describe the fluid shift in the body that occurs when transitioning between Earth gravity, the weightlessness of space, and back again" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.5 </button></p>
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Bed Rest Studies
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Pre-Entry Fluid Loading
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Bibliography</h2>
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<h2>5.3.5 Bibliography</h2>
<p>The lesson on the heart and circulatory system in space was created based on information from the following sources.</p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lee, S.M., Moore, A.D., Fritsch-Yelle, J.M., Greenisen, M.C., Fortney, S., Schneider, S.M. (1999). Inflight exercise affects stand test responses after spaceflight. </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., </i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Vol. 31, pp. 1755-1762.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lujan , B.F., White, R.J. (1995). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Human Physiology in Space: A Curriculum Supplement for Secondary Schools. </i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nicogossian, A.E., Huntoon, C.L., Pool, S.L. (1994). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Space Physiology and Medicine</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;"> (3</span><sup style="line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">rd</sup><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;"> ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Rossum, A.C., Wood, M.L., Bishop, S.L., Deblock, H., Charles, J.B. (1997). Evaluation of cardiac rhythm disturbances during extravehicular activity. </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Am. J. Cardiol., </i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Vol. 79, pp. 1153-1155.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Sawin, C.F., Baker, E., Owen-Black, F.O. (1998). Medical investigations and resulting countermeasures in support of 16-day space shuttle missions. </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">J. Grav. Physiol., </i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Vol. 5, pp. 1-12.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Thornton, W.E., Hoffler, G.W., Rummel, J.A. (1977). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">Biomedical Results from Skylab,</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ch 32: Anthropometric changes and fluid shifts</span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em; text-indent: -0.25in;"> NASA SP-377, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.</span></li>
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