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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Effects of Weightlessness on Muscles</h2>
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<h2>5.4.1 The Effects of Weightlessness on Muscles</h2>
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Describe the effects of weightlessness on muscles" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.7</button> <button border-radius="2px" class="mo_button" onclick="window.location.href='/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+3T2016/5e0e82a56b234a2aaf12ac0b3359c3c5#MO511';" style="cursor: pointer;" title="MO 5.11:
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<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/b2f3b093202badff5083f5debd9afdc6/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Nicole-Stott-ISS-Treadmill-424.jpg" alt="NASA astronaut Nicole Stott, wearing a bungee harness, exercises on the Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT) onboard the International Space Station" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NASA astronaut Nicole Stott, wearing a bungee harness, exercises on the Combined Operational Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT) onboard the International Space Station (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>As we've already seen, the microgravity environment of space has significant implications for human movement, requiring us to use our muscles differently than we would on Earth. In the next video, we will learn about the effects of weightlessness on muscle physiology. To prevent muscle atrophy, astronauts must be very diligent about exercise while in orbit --- both cardiovascular exercise and weight training --- on the order of 3 hours per day.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Effects of Weightlessness on Bones</h2>
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<h2>5.4.2 The Effects of Weightlessness on Bones</h2>
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<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/92ebadf1986406db25bf208af0e39a4f/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Leroy-Chiao-Weights2-423.jpg" alt="NASA astronaut Leroy Chiao uses the Interim Resistive Exercise Device (IRED) to perform upper body strengthening exercises onboard the International Space Station" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NASA astronaut Leroy Chiao uses the Interim Resistive Exercise Device (IRED) to perform upper body strengthening exercises onboard the International Space Station (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>The bones in the human skeletal system serve as both structural support for the body and protective shielding for the vital organs. However, in the weightless evironment of space, the reduced loading on the bones can lead to calcium loss and osteoporosis. It has been estimated that an astronaut loses 1-3% of bone calcium per month in space, primarily from the weight-bearing bones of the pelvis, spine, and legs. As Prof. Hoffman explains in the next video, this is a serious issue in long-duration spaceflight and the subject of many research studies.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Effects of Weightlessness on Bones</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: The Musculoskeletal System</h2>
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<h2>5.4.3 Review of Concepts: The Musculoskeletal System</h2>
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Calcium Loss
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<p>Which of the following contribute to preventing calcium loss from bones during space flight? Check all that apply. You will receive points for each correct answer and lose points for incorrect answers.</p>
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<text>d) Sufficient Vitamin D</text>
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<text>e) Anti-osteoporosis medications</text>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Bibliography</h2>
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<h2>5.4.4 Bibliography</h2>
<p><span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">The lesson on the musculoskeletal system in space was created based on information from the following sources.</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Clément, G. (2005). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Fundamentals of Space Medicine</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Integrative Physiology in Space (2000). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">European J. Physiol.</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">, Vol. 441, No. 2-3 (Supplement).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">International Workshop on Bone Research in Space (1999). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Bone</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">, Vol. 22, No. 5 (Supplement).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Long, M.E. (2001) Surviving in Space. </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">National Geographic Magazine</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">, January 2001.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Muscle Research in Space: International Workshop (1997). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">International Journal of Sports Medicine</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">, Vol. 18, Supp. 4, pp. 255-334.</span></li>
<li><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">NASA’s Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;"> (2005). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Rittweger, J., Gunga, H.C., Felsenberg, D., Kirsch, K.A. (1999). Muscle and bone – aging and space</span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. Gravitat. Physiol.</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">, Vol 6, No. 1, pp. 133-135.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Thornton, W.E., Rummel, J.A. (1977). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Biomedical Results from Skylab,</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;"> Ch 21: Muscular deconditioning and its prevention in spaceflight</span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">.</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;"> NASA SP-377, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.</span></li>
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