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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Sensing Direction and Movement</h2>
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<h2>5.5.1 Sensing Direction and Movement</h2>
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Discuss the three ways in which humans perceive their orientation and motion and how each of these ways is affected by weightlessness" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.9</button></p>
<p>On Earth, there are three different ways in which humans sense position and motion. The first and most obvious is vision, which allows us to see what is up, what is down, and what is around us. The second is using the vestibular organs of the inner ear, which include the otoliths that sense linear acceleration, and the semicircular canals that detect rotational acceleration. Finally, we rely on proprioception, or feedback from our muscles, joints, and tendons to tell us about our body's direction and motion. However, in the microgravity environment of space, vision becomes our only reliable detector of spatial orientation. This decrease in sensory feedback can lead to interesting adaptations, as will be explained in the next video.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Visual Orientation and Space Motion Sickness</h2>
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<h2>5.5.2 Visual Orientation and Space Motion Sickness</h2>
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Explain the sensory conflicts in space that may contribute to "space motion sickness"" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.10</button> <button border-radius="2px" class="mo_button" onclick="window.location.href='/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+3T2016/5e0e82a56b234a2aaf12ac0b3359c3c5#MO511';" style="cursor: pointer;" title="MO 5.11:
Discuss the countermeasures that have been developed to mitigate the adverse effects of weightlessness on the circulatory system, the musculoskeletal system, and the neurophysiological system" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.11</button></p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/5991635cc62e20bdc1ef974339e37045/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Astronauts-Spatial-Orientation-500.jpg" alt="The crew of STS-90 pose for a portrait in the Spacelab Science Module" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The crew of STS-90 poses for a portrait in the Spacelab Science Module (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>Onboard an orbiting spacecraft, there is not a clear sense of what is up or down. As you will see through some examples in the next video, the absence of a constant reference frame can make it difficult to distinguish faces and expressions, and may even have implications for crew interaction. A potentially related issue to visual orientation is space motion sickness. Although common among astronauts, space motion sickness is not very well understood, and does not seem to correlate with predisposition to motion sickness on Earth.</p>
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<h2>5.5.3 Review of Concepts: The The Brain and Neurophysiological Systems</h2>
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Tilt-Translation Symptom
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Bibliography</h2>
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<h2>5.5.4 Bibliography</h2>
<p><span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">The lesson on the brain and neurophysiological system in space was created based on information from the following sources.</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Clément, G. (2005). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Fundamentals of Space Medicine</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Clément, G., Reschke, M.F. (1996). Neurosensory and sensory-motor functions. In: </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Biological and Medical Research in Space</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. Moore, D., Bie, P., Oser, H. (eds). Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 178-258.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Clément, G. (1998). Alteration of eye movements and motion perception in microgravity. </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Brain Research Reviews</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">, Vol. 28, pp. 161-172.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Crampton, G.E. (1990). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Motion and Space Sickness</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Lathan, C.E., Clément, G. (1997). Response of the neurovestibular system to spaceflight. In: </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences, Vol. 1</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. Churchill, S. (ed). Malabar, FL: Krieger, pp. 65-82.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Reschke, M.F., Harm, D.L., Parker, D.E., Sandoz, G.R., Homick, J.L., Vanderploeg, J.M. (1994). Neurophysiological aspects: space motion sickness. In: </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Space Physiology and Medicine.</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;"> Nicogossian, A.E., Huntoon, C.L., Pool, S.L. (eds). Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, pp. 228-260.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Space Neuroscience Research (1998). </span><i style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Brain Research Reviews</i><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">, Vol. 28, No. 1-2, Special Issue.</span></li>
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