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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">What Causes Weight?</h2>
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<h2>5.2.1 What Causes Weight?</h2>
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<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/52d7dc06af7e4991151b2f6e6342b7d1/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Golden-Knights-Parachute-Team-500.jpg" alt="Members of the US Army Golden Knights Parachute Team perform a skydive" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Members of the US Army Golden Knights Parachute Team perform a skydive (Image credit: US Army)</span></em></p>
<p>Let's start off our lesson with a simple question: What causes weight? You may be tempted to answer "gravity". Well, that's actually not the whole story. As will be explained in the following video, weight is actually caused by the Earth pushing back up against you with a force equal and opposite to gravity, as dictated by Newton's Third Law. In fact, if gravity is the only force acting on an object, then that object is in <em>free fall</em> and has no weight. </p>
<p>You may have experienced the sensation of free fall while skydiving, bungee jumping, or riding a roller coaster. In the same way, spacecraft are also in free fall because gravity is the only force acting on them, which induces centripetal acceleration and keeps them in orbit around a celestial body.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Creating a Microgravity Environment</h2>
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<h2>5.2.2 Creating a Microgravity Environment</h2>
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<p>The International Space Station is an orbiting science laboratory that is well-suited for conducting experiments in microgravity. However, there are a number of disturbances onboard a spacecraft, such as electronic systems and crew motion, that can cause deviations from true microgravity. Prof. Hoffman discusses these issues in the next video and describes some countermeasures that are used to ensure a true microgravity environment.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Scientific Research in Microgravity</h2>
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<h2>5.2.3 Scientific Research in Microgravity</h2>
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<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e0fc84f7bff63fa169158559edaedd63/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Coleman_Capillary_Experiment.jpg" alt="NASA astronaut Cady Coleman adjusts the fluid volume in a capillary flow experiment onboard the International Space Station" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NASA astronaut Cady Coleman adjusts the fluid volume in a capillary flow experiment onboard the International Space Station (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>The microgravity environment of space enables humans to perform a host of scientific experiments that are not possible on Earth. In the following video, Prof. Hoffman describes several areas of scientific research in microgravity, including convection, combustion, and crystal formation. The video concludes with a simple demonstration of hydrostatic pressure using a soda bottle, which should clearly illustrate the statement that an object in free fall has no weight.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Human Motion in Microgravity</h2>
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<h2>5.2.4 Human Motion in Microgravity</h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The 2004 astronaut candidates take a ride in the "Weightless Wonder", a modified aircraft that flies in parabolic arcs to produce brief periods of weightlessness (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>-->
<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/4329a0cf0a99afe278eb549d794ea1a9/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Nyberg-Yurchikhin-Parmitano-550.jpg" alt="NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg (front), Russian cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin (center), and European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano (rear) pose for a photo in the Kibo laboratory of the International Space Station" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg (front), Russian cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin (center), and European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano (rear) pose for a photo in the Kibo laboratory of the International Space Station <br/>(Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>On Earth, we control the movement of our bodies by contracting our muscles to exert forces and torques, typically using the ground as a platform against which to push. In the weightlessness of space, however, there is no ground pushing against our feet. Instead, astronauts must adopt other strategies for controlling position and orientation. For example, astronauts performing extravehicular activity (the subject of Unit 6) rely on stable hand holds and platforms to effectively carry out their work.</p>
<p>However, even if you are free-floating, you can still change the orientation of your body about your center of mass, as Prof. Hoffman demonstrates in the following video. By rotating your arms or legs in one direction, your body will start to rotate in the opposite direction due to the conservation of angular momentum. After watching the video, we encourage you to try out the Human Motion in Microgravity simulation at the bottom of the page, and see if you are able to put this principle into practice.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Human Motion in Microgravity</h3>
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<h2>Interactive Simulation: Human Motion in Microgravity</h2>
<p>The Human Motion in Microgravity simulation can launched using the button below. Note that it requires the installation of Unity Web Player.</p>
<button border-radius="2px" class="mo_button" onclick="window.open('https://courses.edx.org/c4x/MITx/16.00x/asset/simulation.html');" style="cursor: pointer;" title="Microgravity Simulation" type="button" id="Microgravity Simulation" >Open Simulation in a New Window</button>
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<li><a href="http://unity3d.com/webplayer">Download Unity Web Player</a></li>
<li><a href="http://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/TroubleShootingWebplayer.html">Unity Web Player Documentation</a></li>
</ul>
<p><br/></p>
<em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Simulation credit:
<ul>
<li>Creator of visualization: Dr. Violeta M. Ivanova and <a href = "http://mit-artemis.org/">MIT ARTEMiS</a></li>
<li>Computational model of astronaut motion: Prof. Leia A. Stirling, MIT AeroAstro</li>
<li>BioSuit<sup>TM</sup> inventor science and engineering: Prof. Dava J. Newman, MIT AeroAstro</li>
<li>BioSuit<sup>TM</sup> design: Guillermo Trotti, A.I.A., Trotti and Associates, Inc. (Cambridge, MA)</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: Microgravity</h2>
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<h2>5.2.5 Review of Concepts: Microgravity</h2>
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Characteristics of Low Earth Orbit
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@problem+block@670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10-problem-progress"></div>
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<p>The following are absent in low Earth orbit. Check all that apply. You will receive points for each correct answer, and lose a half point for each incorrect answer.</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1[]" id="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
<text>a) Gravity</text>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1[]" id="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
<text>b) Weight</text>
</label>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1[]" id="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
<text>c) Density Driven Convection</text>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1[]" id="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
<text>d) Inertia</text>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1[]" id="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
<text>e) Gravity Gradient Force</text>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1[]" id="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_5"/><label id="670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
<text>f) Centripetal Force</text>
</label>
</div>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1[]" id="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_6" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_6"/><label id="670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1-choice_6-label" for="input_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1_choice_6" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1">
<text>g) Coriolis Forces</text>
</label>
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<span id="answer_670e7c275f21475a9d5757f596b89f10_2_1"/>
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The Effects of Microgravity
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<legend id="99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">It is thought that some kind of crystals can be grown larger and with fewer imperfections in microgravity than on Earth. Select one of the elements below whose absence in Earth orbit is most directly responsible for growing microgravity crystals with fewer imperfections.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1" id="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1"> Gravity
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1" id="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1"> Density Driven Convection
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<input type="radio" name="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1" id="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1"> Inertia
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1" id="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1"> Gravity Gradient Force
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1" id="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_4"/><label id="99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1"> Centripetal Force
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1" id="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_5"/><label id="99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1"> Coriolis Forces
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_99de66ab7ee04f64b553532fc3350555_2_1"/>
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