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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: Space Suit Requirements</h2>
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<h2>6.6.1 Review of Concepts: Space Suit Requirements</h2>
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Identify the basic requirements for humans to stay alive in a space suit" type="button" id="LD">MO 6.1</button> <button border-radius="2px" class="mo_button" onclick="window.location.href='/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+3T2016/5e0e82a56b234a2aaf12ac0b3359c3c5#MO63';" style="cursor: pointer;" title="MO 6.3:
Explain the relationship between space suit pressure and mobility" type="button" id="LD">MO 6.3</button> <button border-radius="2px" class="mo_button" onclick="window.location.href='/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+3T2016/5e0e82a56b234a2aaf12ac0b3359c3c5#MO64';" style="cursor: pointer;" title="MO 6.4:
Explain the relationship between space suit pressure and the risk of decompression sickness" type="button" id="LD">MO 6.4</button></p>
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Pure Oxygen Environment
</h3>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1">
<legend id="06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why is the atmosphere inside a space suit composed of pure oxygen?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1" id="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1"> To prevent the buildup of too much carbon dioxide
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1" id="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1"> To avoid mixing in other gases, which would present a fire hazard
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1" id="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1"> To allow as low a pressure as possible inside the space suit
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1" id="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_06d28ffc6b9e43e3a27940cb34e03f13_2_1"> To avoid the use of nitrogen, which becomes toxic at the pressures inside space suits
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Increase in Space Suit Pressure
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<p>If the pressure in a space suit increases, how will each of the following be affected?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1">
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<legend id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Flexilibity will:</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1"> Increase
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1"> Decrease
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1"> Stay the same
</label>
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<span id="answer_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 2" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1">
<legend id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The required pre-breathe time will:</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1-choice_0-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1"> Increase
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1-choice_1-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1"> Decrease
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1-choice_2-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1"> Stay the same
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<span id="answer_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_3_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 3" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1">
<legend id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The mass of the suit will:</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1-choice_0-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1"> Increase
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1-choice_1-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1"> Decrease
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1" id="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1-choice_2-label" for="input_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1"> Stay the same
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_2d1bc967762b42c39e4b5eea31928fc7_4_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: Pre-Breathing Protocols</h2>
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<h2>6.6.2 Review of Concepts: Pre-Breathing Protocols</h2>
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Pre-Breathing Pure Oxygen
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<legend id="d8461278f48940d19ecd6059f32c272a_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why do astronauts need to pre-breath pure oxygen before a spacewalk?</legend>
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Total Pressure and Volume Percent Oxygen
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<p>Consider the figure below, which we discussed in <a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019/jump_to_id/d3221400afd04184a46f6e632f2a5a20">Subsection 6.3.3</a>. For a tissue ratio \(R=1.65\), starting from a sea-level atmosphere, the pre-breathe time is 240 minutes (4 hours).</p>
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<img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/bd28f55cca435092f61f452f84a534b2/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Prebreathe-Time-700.png" alt="EVA pre-breathe protocols plotting total pressure vs. volume percent oxygen" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]"/>
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<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EVA pre-breathe protocols plotting total pressure vs. volume percent oxygen <br/>(Image source: Horrigan 1993, NASA 2002, NASA 2003)</span>
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<p>Suppose that we want to reduce the pre-breathe time to 60 minutes. What should the total cabin atmosphere pressure be to achieve this goal? Enter your answer in kPa approximated to the nearest integer.</p>
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<p>What is the corresponding volume percentage of oxygen for a pre-breathe time of 60 minutes? Enter the percentage value approximated to the nearest integer (e.g., enter 50 for 50%).</p>
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<h2>Bibliography</h2>
<ul>
<li>Horrigan, D. J., J. M. Waligora, B. Beck, and R. C. Trevino, "Extravehicular Activities," Ch. 24, in <em>Space Biology and Medicine</em>, Vol. 3 (Humans in Spaceflight, Book 2), A. E. Nicogossian, S. R. Mohler, O. G. Gazenko, and A. I. Grigoriev, editors, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1993.</li>
<li>NASA, "Space Shuttle Operational Flight Rules," NSTS-12820, Vol. A, Mission Operations Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, November 2002.</li>
<li>NASA, "ISS Generic Operational Flight Rules," NSTS-12820, Vol. B, Mission Operations Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, August 2003.</li>
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