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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Space Suit Flexibility</h2>
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<h2>6.3.1 Space Suit Flexibility</h2>
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<p>Now that we have learned what is required of a space suit to keep astronauts alive in space, we turn our focus to what is required of a space suit so that astronauts can perform useful work outside of the spacecraft. The first consideration that we will discuss is flexibility. A gas-pressurized suit is effectively an anthropomorphic balloon that is resistant to bending. As you will see in the following video, the stiffness of a space suit interferes with an astronaut's mobility and dexterity, and can even lead to potentially dangerous situations.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Space Suit Pressure</h2>
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<h2>6.3.2 Space Suit Pressure</h2>
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<p>In order to increase the flexibility of a space suit, we want to minimize the work that needs to be done to bend it. For a gas, the work \(W\) is given by:</p>
<p>\[W=\int P \,dV\]</p>
<p>where \(P\) is pressure, and \(dV\) is the change in volume. One way to reduce work is to minimize the pressure \(P\), which leads us to a discussion about how much the pressure inside a space suit can be safely decreased. In the next video, Prof. Hoffman explains why a decrease in pressure must be accompanied by an increase in the volume percent of oxygen in the atmosphere so as to stay on the "normoxic line" (we've previously discussed this concept in <a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019/jump_to_id/b1c85020bd9d471f9b709af697bb858f" target="[object Object]">Subsection 3.3.2</a> in the context of the spacecraft cabin). </p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Preventing Decompression Sickness</h2>
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<h2>6.3.3 Preventing Decompression Sickness</h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Astronauts Jeff Hoffman and Franklin Chang Diaz wear masks during pre-breathing on STS-46 (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>When transitioning from a region of higher pressure to one of lower pressure, such as surfacing after a deep-water dive or moving from a spacecraft cabin to inside a space suit, nitrogen is released inside the body. If not properly managed, this can lead to decompression sickness, a serious affliction that can lead to injury or even death. To avoid decompression sickness, it is important to remove nitrogen from the tissues before embarking on EVA, in a process called "pre-breathing". In the following video, Prof. Hoffman describes how NASA's pre-breathing protocols have enabled astronauts to carry out spacewalks safely and successfully.</p>
<p> If you are interested in further reading (not required to complete the exercises), please consult the following document: <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/53861227f8fb11ac9eda11e00b1b47f4/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/cr-2005-213689.pdf"> Bounding the Spacecraft Atmosphere Design Space for Future Exploration Missions </a></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Hard Suits, Visibility, and Tools</h2>
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<h2>6.3.4 Hard Suits, Visibility, and Tools</h2>
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<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/6cd749153aaa775aa2005da0e39c74f6/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Sunita-Williams-EVA-550.jpg" alt="NASA astronaut Sunita Williams appears to touch the bright sun during an Expedition 32 EVA in September 2012. Reflected in her visor is Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Aki Hoshide. (Image credit: NASA)" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NASA astronaut Sunita Williams appears to touch the bright sun during an Expedition 32 EVA in September 2012. Reflected in her visor is Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Aki Hoshide. (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>We've previously learned about how we can improve space suit flexibility by decreasing pressure. Another way to minimize \(W=\int P \,dV\) is to maintain constant gas volume within the suit. This approach has prompted research into hard space suits with rolling joints. As you will see in the following video, hard suits have some advantages over traditional elastic suits, but also key limitations such as vulnerability to dust and leakages. We will also discuss other requirements for doing useful work in space, such as the ability to see in a variety of environments and the use of specialized tools.</p>
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<h2>6.3.5 Stability and Training</h2>
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<!--<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/a2280d340c7d235931a74bf77f680d32/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/Kathy-Thornton-STS-61-Solar-Panels-450.jpg" alt="Astronaut Kathy Thornton, securely anchored to the Canadarm robotic arm, prepares to release a defective Hubble Space Telescope solar panel into low-Earth orbit during STS-61 (Image credit: NASA)" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Astronaut Kathy Thornton, securely anchored to the Canadarm robotic arm, prepares to release a defective Hubble Space Telescope solar panel into low-Earth orbit during STS-61 (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>-->
<p><img style="display: block; margin: 20px auto 20px auto;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/d403c64e53f61479126009ffffc1cb57/asset-v1:MITx+16.00x+2T2019+type@asset+block/underwater-training-600.jpg" alt="NASA astronaut Robert Curbeam, Jr. and European Space Agency astronaut Christer Fuglesang, wearing training versions of the EMU (in white), participate in an underwater EVA training exercise in NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory in preparation for the STS-116 mission" target="[object Object]" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NASA astronaut Robert Curbeam, Jr. and European Space Agency astronaut Christer Fuglesang, wearing training versions of the EMU (in white), participate in an underwater EVA training exercise in NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory in preparation for the STS-116 mission (Image credit: NASA)</span></em></p>
<p>Thus far, our discussion of EVA has primarily focused on the design of space suits. However, donning a space suit is just the first part of EVA. Once an astronaut leaves the spacecraft cabin, he or she must rely on a stable work platform and previous training to successfully execute the mission. In preparation for EVA, astronauts undergo extensive underwater training on Earth. In the following video, Prof. Hoffman highlights the importance of stability and training, and shares the interesting story of his first spacewalk --- the contingency spacewalk on STS-51-D in attempt to repair a malfunctioning satellite.</p>
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