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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Types of Space Radiation</h2>
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<h2>5.6.1 Types of Space Radiation</h2>
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<p>Radiation exposure is one of the biggest concerns associated with human spaceflight, especially long-duration missions. In this section, we will take a closer look at space radiation, including how to quantify dosage, how to estimate the risks for human health, and what can be done to protect against radiation. We begin by discussing the two types of space radiation: solar particle events (SPE) due to solar flares and coronal mass ejections, and galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) due to a relatively constant influx of high energy protons and atomic nuclei.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Quantifying Space Radiation Dosage</h2>
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<h2>5.6.2 Quantifying Space Radiation Dosage</h2>
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Identify the two types of space radiation and explain why each type poses risks to human spaceflight" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.12</button></p>
<p>There are several different units of measurement for quantifying radiation dosage, including gray (equal to the absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter), rad (radiation absorbed dose, where 1 rad = 0.01 Gy), sievert (equal to rad or Gy dosage multiplied by a qualify factor), and rem (Roentgen equivalent in man, where 1 rem = 0.01 Sv). In the next video, Prof. Hoffman describes the typical radiation doses for various activities, as well as the harmful effects corresponding to different levels of radiation exposure.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Estimating Space Radiation Risk</h2>
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<h2>5.6.3 Estimating Space Radiation Risk</h2>
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<p>The total risk associated with space radiation includes contributions from both solar particle events and galactic cosmic radiation. Fortunately, SPE's are rare, and shielding can significantly reduce exposure. On the other hand, there are currently no good models for quantifying the risk of continuous low-dose exposure from GCR. In the following video, Prof. Hoffman explains the radiation exposure associated with various NASA missions, as well as the implications of space radiation for spaceflight mission duration.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Protecting Against Space Radiation</h2>
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<h2>5.6.4 Protecting Against Space Radiation</h2>
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<p>As we previously discussed, the two types of space radiation are associated with different levels of radiation energy. As Prof. Hoffman explains in the following video, passive shielding, such as with a thin layer of lead, water, or polyethylene, can provide protection against solar particle events. However, shielding is not effective against the high-energy particles found in galactic cosmic radiation. In fact, in the latter case, through a process called spallation in which a single particle breaks up into a shower of smaller radioactive particles, we see that a little bit of shielding can actually be more harmful than none at all.</p>
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<h2>5.6.5 Research Questions in Space Radiation</h2>
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<p>Space radiation is a subject where much remains unknown. In the final video, Prof. Hoffman discusses the highest-priority research questions in space radiation, ranging from effects on human health to computational models for risk estimation to the design of spacecraft. These issues will play a prominent role in the future of spaceflight, as we endeavor to send humans to explore Mars and beyond.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: Space Radiation</h2>
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<h2>5.6.6 Review of Concepts: Space Radiation</h2>
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Composition of Radiation
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<p>Name the two principle components of the radiation environment in deep space (i.e. beyond the Earth's magnetic field). Be sure to check your spelling, and do not leave any spaces before or after your answer.</p>
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Composition of Radiation
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Comparing Radiation
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