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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Types of Space Radiation</h2>
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<h2>5.6.1 Types of Space Radiation</h2>
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<p>Radiation exposure is one of the biggest concerns associated with human spaceflight, especially long-duration missions. In this section, we will take a closer look at space radiation, including how to quantify dosage, how to estimate the risks for human health, and what can be done to protect against radiation. We begin by discussing the two types of space radiation: solar particle events (SPE) due to solar flares and coronal mass ejections, and galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) due to a relatively constant influx of high energy protons and atomic nuclei.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Quantifying Space Radiation Dosage</h2>
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<h2>5.6.2 Quantifying Space Radiation Dosage</h2>
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Identify the two types of space radiation and explain why each type poses risks to human spaceflight" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.12</button></p>
<p>There are several different units of measurement for quantifying radiation dosage, including gray (equal to the absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter), rad (radiation absorbed dose, where 1 rad = 0.01 Gy), sievert (equal to rad or Gy dosage multiplied by a qualify factor), and rem (Roentgen equivalent in man, where 1 rem = 0.01 Sv). In the next video, Prof. Hoffman describes the typical radiation doses for various activities, as well as the harmful effects corresponding to different levels of radiation exposure.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Estimating Space Radiation Risk</h2>
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<h2>5.6.3 Estimating Space Radiation Risk</h2>
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<p>The total risk associated with space radiation includes contributions from both solar particle events and galactic cosmic radiation. Fortunately, SPE's are rare, and shielding can significantly reduce exposure. On the other hand, there are currently no good models for quantifying the risk of continuous low-dose exposure from GCR. In the following video, Prof. Hoffman explains the radiation exposure associated with various NASA missions, as well as the implications of space radiation for spaceflight mission duration.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Protecting Against Space Radiation</h2>
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<h2>5.6.4 Protecting Against Space Radiation</h2>
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<p>As we previously discussed, the two types of space radiation are associated with different levels of radiation energy. As Prof. Hoffman explains in the following video, passive shielding, such as with a thin layer of lead, water, or polyethylene, can provide protection against solar particle events. However, shielding is not effective against the high-energy particles found in galactic cosmic radiation. In fact, in the latter case, through a process called spallation in which a single particle breaks up into a shower of smaller radioactive particles, we see that a little bit of shielding can actually be more harmful than none at all.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Research Questions in Space Radiation</h2>
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<h2>5.6.5 Research Questions in Space Radiation</h2>
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Identify the two types of space radiation and explain why each type poses risks to human spaceflight" type="button" id="LD">MO 5.12</button></p>
<p>Space radiation is a subject where much remains unknown. In the final video, Prof. Hoffman discusses the highest-priority research questions in space radiation, ranging from effects on human health to computational models for risk estimation to the design of spacecraft. These issues will play a prominent role in the future of spaceflight, as we endeavor to send humans to explore Mars and beyond.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Review of Concepts: Space Radiation</h2>
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<h2>5.6.6 Review of Concepts: Space Radiation</h2>
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Composition of Radiation
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<p>Name the two principle components of the radiation environment in deep space (i.e. beyond the Earth's magnetic field). Be sure to check your spelling, and do not leave any spaces before or after your answer.</p>
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Composition of Radiation
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Comparing Radiation
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<legend id="dd7c11b75d7544b18519d72da5868914_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The magnitude of the two components of space radiation are____.
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Research Questions in Space Radiation
5.6.5 Research Questions in Space Radiation
Space radiation is a subject where much remains unknown. In the final video, Prof. Hoffman discusses the highest-priority research questions in space radiation, ranging from effects on human health to computational models for risk estimation to the design of spacecraft. These issues will play a prominent role in the future of spaceflight, as we endeavor to send humans to explore Mars and beyond.
Video: Research Questions in Space Radiation
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- Start of transcript. Skip to the end.
- So I'll finish up just looking at a few
- of the real critical things that we
- have to deal with when we look at space radiation.
- First of all, understanding what the risk really
- is when we have really a limited amount of human data to go on
- is important.
- Looking at the implications with shielding as I showed.
- If your shielding is too thin you
- can actually worsen the situation
- by increasing the number of particles.
- We can do a lot of experiments with animals,
- but knowing how to extrapolate from an animal response
- to radiation to human.
- Again, there's a lot of statistical uncertainty.
- We talked about the impact of radiation
- in causing long-term cancer, but there's also
- reason to believe that certain types of radiation,
- particularly the galactic cosmic radiation,
- may actually affect our central nervous system.
- I, for one, would not like to take a trip to Mars,
- get down on the surface of Mars, and realize
- that my IQ is 20 points lower than it
- was when I left the Earth, because
- of the effects of radiation.
- And all of this is subject to huge statistical uncertainties.
- And so a lot of work is being done
- on trying to reduce the error.
- Once we understand more about space radiation, hopefully,
- we can design proper shielding for solar particle events
- and at least maximize the ability of our astronauts
- to travel through deep space and arrive at their destination
- healthy.
- And so that they won't have a huge morbidity in their older
- age coming from the radiation that they absorb
- during their space flight.
- And finally, since our ability to predict the solar particle
- events right now is pretty limited,
- this is also an active area of research.
- And a lot of work has been done in solar physics trying
- to understand and predict solar flares.
- So if I've left you a little bit confused
- at the end of this discussion about radiation,
- it's because the whole situation, as I've tried
- to explain, is quite complex.
- But the critical things to take away from this
- is that exposure to radiation is a long-term limitation
- right now to our ability to travel in deep space.
- We'd like to be able to protect our astronauts
- and make it possible to do these trips safely.
- And I hope that the progress in understanding radiation
- and developing mitigation techniques
- will continue to improve so that long duration spaceflight can
- be done safely.
- End of transcript. Skip to the start.
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