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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Oxygen Supply</h2>
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<h2>3.4.1 Oxygen Supply</h2>
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<p>It goes without saying that a steady supply of oxygen is one of the most important requirements for surviving in space. There are several ways of providing astronauts with oxygen, ranging from launching storage tanks into space to generating oxygen via chemical reactions. Prof. Hoffman will describe these techniques in the following video, and explain how they relate to open-loop or closed-loop modes of operation.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Carbon Dioxide Removal, Part 1</h2>
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<h2>3.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Removal, Part 1</h2>
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Describe the various ways in which carbon dioxide can be removed from the spacecraft atmosphere" type="button" id="LD">MO 3.5</button></p>
<p>One of the biggest byproducts of human respiration is carbon dioxide (CO\(_2\)). On Earth, carbon dioxide emissions are partially offset by plants, which utilize CO\(_2\) in photosynthesis to produce oxygen. In space, however, we must take active measures to remove excess CO\(_2\) from the cabin atmosphere. Another challenge is that because oxygen is a precious resource, we can't afford to simply discard air that has been exhaled, since it still contains significant amounts of oxygen. Instead, we use recycling systems to continually remove (or "scrub" out) carbon dioxide from the air so that it can be reused.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Carbon Dioxide Removal, Part 2</h2>
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<h2>3.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal, Part 2</h2>
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<p>As with oxygen production, there are several ways of carrying out CO\(_2\) removal, including both open-loop and closed-loop ECLSS techniques. In the previous video, we learned about the use of two types of chemical absorbers. In the next video, we finish our discussion with another method: cycling CO\(_2\) removal systems.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Trace Contaminant Removal</h2>
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<h2>3.4.4 Trace Contaminant Removal</h2>
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<p>Carbon dioxide is not the only undesirable pollutant with which astronauts have to contend. There are a number of other physical and chemical contaminants in the spacecraft environment that can pose dangers to human health and well-being. In the following video, Prof. Hoffman explains how we deal with dust, food crumbs, smoke, methane, ammonia, and other contaminants in the vacuum of space.</p>
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Trace Contaminant Removal
3.4.4 Trace Contaminant Removal
Carbon dioxide is not the only undesirable pollutant with which astronauts have to contend. There are a number of other physical and chemical contaminants in the spacecraft environment that can pose dangers to human health and well-being. In the following video, Prof. Hoffman explains how we deal with dust, food crumbs, smoke, methane, ammonia, and other contaminants in the vacuum of space.
Video: Trace Contaminant Removal
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- Start of transcript. Skip to the end.
- Well, we've talked about how to remove water
- from the atmosphere and how to remove carbon dioxide.
- So what I'd like to consider now is
- what do we do with all the other contaminants?
- There are two basic types of contaminants which
- can get into the atmosphere.
- The first are what we would call physical contaminants--
- dust, food crumbs, particles.
- And the thing about being weightless
- is dust doesn't settle out of the atmosphere
- and fall on the floor where you can vacuum it up.
- The same with food crumbs.
- I mean, my goodness, I remember once opening up
- a pack of cashew nuts in the shuttle
- and they had gotten crushed a little bit.
- And so instead of nice big nuts coming out,
- there was this powder of crushed cashews
- that goes all over the place.
- And it doesn't fall down, it just floats there.
- You're looking in front of you and you see all these particles
- floating around.
- It makes you think twice about even wanting to breathe.
- So we need a way of removing physical contaminants
- from the atmosphere, and the way we
- do that is with filtration systems.
- Standard filtration used in your air conditioning and heating
- systems at home, and we have filters
- all over the place in the air handling system on the space
- stations, on the shuttle, and on all spacecraft.
- I mean, we can't do without them,
- but all filters have to be cleaned
- because if they do their work, then eventually they
- get clogged up with particles and you have
- to go and either remove them and replace them,
- which often we do at home.
- Or on the space station because mass is more critical.
- We'll remove them, vacuum them off, clean them,
- and replace them.
- And in fact, one of the most time consuming activities
- of all the things that the astronauts have
- to do up in the International Space Station
- is just changing out filters.
- It's boring, it takes a lot of time,
- it's absolutely essential.
- You can also get fire like they had
- the fire on the Mir station, and that created
- a certain amount of smoke.
- And I'll tell you-- waking up in the morning in a spacecraft
- and smelling smoke in the cabin is not a very pleasant way
- to get up in the morning.
- If you do get smoke in the cabin,
- then you need some way of protecting yourself from it.
- And so we do have these breathing
- masks, which you can see in the photo.
- There's me on the left and one of my crew mates
- on the right going through an exercise here.
- We do have fire sensors, both smoke and particle sensors,
- and heat sensors.
- And on the shuttle, we had standard freon fire
- extinguishers.
- We don't use freon anymore because of the impact
- on the ozone layer.
- So the International Space Station
- has carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
- And of course, if you do have a fire, then
- you're likely to have not just smoke
- in the atmosphere, but possibly some nasty combustion products.
- And so you want to be able to put on your gas masks
- and protect yourself until the atmosphere is cleared.
- There's other types of contaminants
- which are more difficult to deal with because you can't just
- remove them physically with filtration systems,
- and those are the chemical contamination.
- We have what we call the phenomenon known as outgassing.
- You take lots of materials-- the plastic out
- of which this computer is made.
- If you heat it up or put it in a closed environment,
- little bits of chemicals come off if.
- They come off of treatment that's put in our clothes
- and all sorts of materials.
- Normally in our homes, in our workplaces
- there's enough exchange of atmosphere coming in and out
- of the buildings that we don't worry
- about the buildup of trace chemical contaminants.
- There are certain circumstances where
- it can actually be a problem where
- you don't have enough exchange.
- There were some problems with drywalls from China,
- which had some chemical contaminants which were really
- making people ill.
- And that's what will happen in a closed environment
- if you have chemical contaminants,
- and that's the problem we have to face in a spacecraft.
- So what we do is all the materials
- that we use in a spacecraft have to be checked for outgassing.
- And we actually take the materials,
- we send them to a test station in White Sands, New Mexico,
- at the NASA center out there.
- And they put them in a vacuum, they heat them up,
- and then they use a mass spectrometer
- to look at what chemicals come off.
- And then we can build up a list of materials
- which are permitted to use.
- And if you're designing an experiment,
- we encourage you to use the materials which have already
- been checked out.
- And if you are proposing to use something
- that hasn't been checked out, then we'll
- have to take it and send it off to White Sands for checking it
- for outgassing.
- And then there's output from the human body, which we
- don't have such control over.
- We put up quite a lot of methane.
- I think hopefully everybody understands
- where the methane comes from.
- Also you put out a lot of ammonia,
- both out of you are a sweat glands
- and also it's a byproduct of urine
- after the urine starts to get oxidized.
- We put out a certain amount of hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
- and other trace contaminants as well, such as formaldehyde
- and others.
- And what we have to do is come up
- with a measure of how much of each of these contaminants
- are allowable in the spacecraft atmosphere,
- and then we can figure out what to do about them.
- And there are two main factors which
- determine this maximum allowable concentration.
- The first is how long are you going to be exposed to it?
- I mean, if you're only there for a day and you're on your way
- to or from the International Space Station,
- maybe a little bit of trace contamination
- is not such a bad thing.
- You can live with it for a day.
- But if you're going to be up there for six months or longer,
- then the long term buildup is going
- to have a bad impact on your health.
- And also of course, the toxicity of the contaminant
- itself is the other important factor.
- Does it cause cancer or not?
- Over the long term, if it just gives you a mild headache,
- maybe you could live with it a little bit.
- Whereas if it causes muscle disability or vision impairment
- or something of that nature of severity,
- then you're going to have to be a lot more
- careful about eliminating it.
- So chemical trace contaminants you can't filter them
- out simply physically.
- How do we get rid of them?
- Well, we get rid of them chemically.
- There are various ways of doing this.
- They all pretty much rely on what
- we call activated charcoal, which
- has been used for a long time.
- Ever since the Skylab days 40 years ago,
- and we still use them in space suits,
- and the activated charcoal removes
- a lot of medium high and high weight organic vapors.
- With the onset of the shuttle, and now the International Space
- Station, we use active-- what we call catalytic oxidation,
- where we put other materials-- a certain type
- of usually metallic catalysts.
- Which combined with the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen
- in the case of the shuttle, and that
- was using what we call ambient temperature, in other words,
- room temperature.
- And on the space station, we've gone a step further
- and we actually heat the catalytic oxidizer.
- It's actually a palladium metal, which is plated on alumina.
- And you have to heat it up to about 400 degrees C.
- And that removes not only the other chemical traces
- that I was talking about, but also
- a lot of hydrocarbons-- methane, ammonia,
- as well as carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
- So here is typically what we do in the system.
- We talked about the CO2 scrubbers already.
- But before we ever get to the CO2 scrubbers,
- we first pass the air through activated charcoal, which
- removes a lot of the organic vapors
- and that includes a lot of smells.
- In fact, we have a special activated charcoal filter
- in the toilet area on the shuttle
- and near the space station to get rid of the odors.
- That then goes into the catalytic oxidizer,
- which in the case of the space station,
- operates at high temperatures to remove the rest of the chemical
- contaminants.
- And then you go into the CO2 scrubber,
- which we described before.
- So that's basically the way trace contaminant removal
- is handled in spacecraft.
- End of transcript. Skip to the start.
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