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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reading</h2>
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<h3>Reading for Lecture 7</h3>
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<p>Each lecture has an assigned reading. You should do the reading before working through the lecture. You will get so much more out of the lecture if you do.</p>
<p>The reading for Lecture 7 is <a href="https://courses.edx.org/assets/courseware/v1/b1cac943546a7379a1fc0deab0821af2/asset-v1:MITx+24.02x+2T2020+type@asset+block/L7_Appiah_Chapter_2.pdf" target="[object Object]">Chapter 2 of Kwame Anthony Appiah's book <em>Cosmopolitanism</em></a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Starting with Positivism</h2>
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Problem 7.1.1
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<legend id="38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is the central thesis of "positivism," on Appiah's definition?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1" id="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1"> We should only believe things for which we have positive evidence.
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<input type="radio" name="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1" id="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1"> All knowledge is either inferential or non-inferential, where non-inferential knowledge rests on experience.
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<input type="radio" name="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1" id="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1"> The only sources of human knowledge are mathematics and science.
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<input type="radio" name="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1" id="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_38f8d864d507402ca8662b0ebad76958_2_1"> There is a fundamental distinction between mental states that are representational, like belief, and mental states that are non-representational, like desire.
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Problem 7.1.2
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<legend id="e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following claims would the positivist accept? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1[]" id="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1"> False beliefs are non-representational.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1[]" id="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1"> True beliefs represent the world.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1[]" id="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1"> What you want to be the case can turn out to be true or false.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1[]" id="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e7ffd4cf6c544acbb5d1d1919cddca8e_2_1"> It is unfitting to want what you cannot get.
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<h3>Discussion Question 7.1.3</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Do you understand the distinction between mental states that are representational and ones that aren't? Try applying it to a wider range of mental states.</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 7.1.3", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Escaping Positivism</h2>
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Problem 7.2.1
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Problem 7.2.2
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<legend id="b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following are objections to the positivist argument? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1[]" id="input_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1"> It doesn&#8217;t make sense to envy someone for being wealthy if you don't think being wealthy is good for you in any way.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1[]" id="input_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b3cbe3109e834354a4d5d1b424344731_2_1"> It is irrational to prefer A to B, B to C, and C to A.
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Problem 7.2.3
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<legend id="02e6415707c1407c9c078d39f7a8d30b_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">If the positivist argument is sound, what does it show?</legend>
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<h3>Discussion Question 7.2.4</h3>
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<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 7.2.4", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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<h3>Discussion Question 7.3.4</h3>
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Problem 7.4.2
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<h3>Discussion Question 7.4.4</h3>
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<p>Do you understand the problem of disagreement for Semantic Relativism? How serious is it? You can discuss these questions here.</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 7.4.4", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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Problem 7.5.1
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1">
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<legend id="de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is the relationship between Semantic Relativism and tolerance?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1" id="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1"> Semantic Relativism supports a tolerant attitude towards others.
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<input type="radio" name="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1" id="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1"> Semantic Relativism supports an intolerant attitude towards others.
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<input type="radio" name="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1" id="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1"> Tolerance towards others depends on Semantic Relativism.
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<input type="radio" name="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1" id="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_de8f0ade04e1448bafebe5faac5d04dd_2_1"> There is no connection either way between tolerance and Semantic Relativism.
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Problem 7.5.2
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<legend id="6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is the relationship between Semantic Relativism and modesty about one's ethical views?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1" id="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1"> Semantic Relativism supports a modest attitude towards one's ethical views.
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<input type="radio" name="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1" id="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1"> Semantic Relativism supports a dogmatic attitude towards one's fundamental values.
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<input type="radio" name="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1" id="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1"> Modesty depends on Semantic Relativism.
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<input type="radio" name="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1" id="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6a1fb212d5214f06aad6210a9ffbf19a_2_1"> There is no connection either way between modesty and Semantic Relativism.
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<h3>Discussion Question 7.5.3</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Use this space to discuss Philosophical and Semantic Relativism. Do you find these views plausible? Is there any way to answer the problems that have been posed for them?</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 7.5.3", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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<h3>Lecture 7 General Discussion</h3>
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<p>Do you have any further questions or comments about Lecture 7? This is the place to air them.</p>
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