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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reading</h2>
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<h3>Reading for Lecture 8</h3>
<p></p>
<p>Each lecture has an assigned reading. You should do the reading before working through the lecture. You will get so much more out of the lecture if you do.</p>
<p>The reading for Lecture 8 is <a href="https://courses.edx.org/assets/courseware/v1/b1cac943546a7379a1fc0deab0821af2/asset-v1:MITx+24.02x+2T2020+type@asset+block/L8_Appiah_Chapter_3.pdf" target="[object Object]">Chapter 3 of Kwame Anthony Appiah's book <em>Cosmopolitanism</em></a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Disagreement-Based Skepticism</h2>
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<h3>A Case of Fundamental Disagreement?</h3>
<p><a href="https://youtu.be/6rvPP-IgYJk" target="[object Object]">Here</a> is a link to the clip from the sitcom <em>Friends</em>, in which Ross and Phoebe argue about the theory of evolution. Take a look!</p>
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Problem 8.1.1
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<legend id="eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is Appiah's strategy for responding to skeptical problems about ethical knowledge?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1" id="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1"> To show that skeptical arguments are self-undermining.
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<input type="radio" name="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1" id="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1"> To show that ethical knowledge can be scientifically justified.
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<input type="radio" name="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1" id="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1"> To show that, if the problems were real, they would apply to scientific knowledge, too.
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<input type="radio" name="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1" id="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_eb3360e8c6c84660b39bea014053a69e_2_1"> To show that there are decisive arguments for ethical conclusions.
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<input type="radio" name="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1" id="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1"> Because it is invalid.
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<input type="radio" name="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1" id="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1"> Because its conclusion is unjustified.
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<input type="radio" name="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1" id="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1"> Because Descriptive Relativism is false.
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<input type="radio" name="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1" id="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ab0fdd55b0134e38bd44e631bfd98c8e_2_1"> Because it is rational to hold scientific beliefs about which there is substantial disagreement.
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<h3>Discussion Question 8.1.4</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Use this space to discuss the revised skeptical argument. Try applying the first premise, about fundamental disagreement, to a wider range of cases. Is the premise plausible?</p>
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Problem 8.2.1
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<legend id="df785102d9ec4dc482d6c74e3422f9cf_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is Appiah's objection to the revised skeptical argument?</legend>
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Problem 8.2.2
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<legend id="c6c6e962b1484b09a22beb1e261491a9_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is the Duhem Thesis in the philosophy of science?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_c6c6e962b1484b09a22beb1e261491a9_2_1" id="input_c6c6e962b1484b09a22beb1e261491a9_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="c6c6e962b1484b09a22beb1e261491a9_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_c6c6e962b1484b09a22beb1e261491a9_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c6c6e962b1484b09a22beb1e261491a9_2_1"> There is no reason to expect simple and elegant theories to be true.
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<h3>Discussion Question 8.2.3</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Do you understand the Duhem Thesis and why it holds? If you have questions about it, you can discuss them here.</p>
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<legend id="4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How could someone who believes in objective ethical knowledge reply to the final skeptical argument? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1[]" id="input_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1"> By denying that there is fundamental disagreement between people who are excellent at reasoning about ethics.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1[]" id="input_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4c143c2468a24fbd84fdf5cee3d3af5c_2_1"> By denying that you should suspend judgment in the face of fundamental disagreement with people who are equally excellent at reasoning about ethics.
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<h3>Discussion Question 8.3.3</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">What similarities and differences do you see between scientific knowledge and would-be ethical knowledge? Is there a difference that generates a skeptical problem for ethics?</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 8.3.3", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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Problem 8.4.1
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<legend id="0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to the regress argument, ethical beliefs must be justified by inference from other justified beliefs. Which of the following does this rule out? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1[]" id="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1"> Ethical beliefs can be justified by direct perception.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1[]" id="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1"> Ethical beliefs can be justified by scientific inference.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1[]" id="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_0e3265c60def45aa88cddc01c93415ad_2_1"> Ethical beliefs can be justified by inference from non-ethical beliefs.
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Problem 8.4.3
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<h3>Discussion Question 8.4.4</h3>
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<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 8.4.4", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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Problem 8.5.1
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<legend id="7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How can we use Appiah&#8217;s strategy to respond to the regress argument?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1" id="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1"> By using scientific inference to justify ethical beliefs.
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<input type="radio" name="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1" id="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1"> By using scientific evidence to justify ethical beliefs.
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<input type="radio" name="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1" id="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_7f473796de94411d9d4c3ec1257ff832_2_1"> By showing that a similar regress applies to scientific beliefs.
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Problem 8.5.2
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<legend id="20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following would count as objections to the scientific regress argument? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1[]" id="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1"> Beliefs about unobserved reality can be justified without inference.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1[]" id="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1"> Beliefs about unobserved reality can be justified by inference from purely observational beliefs.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1[]" id="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1"> Inferential justifications need not come to an end.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1[]" id="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_20ea49ff7b80475fa5df83f038da48cf_2_1"> Not all scientific beliefs are about unobserved reality.
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<legend id="070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to the clip, how should the believer in objective ethical knowledge reply to the regress argument?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1" id="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1"> By claiming that ethical beliefs can be justified without inference or that they can be justified by inference from non-ethical beliefs.
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<input type="radio" name="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1" id="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1"> By claiming that there is no more to good reasoning in ethics than consistency with non-ethical beliefs.
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<input type="radio" name="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1" id="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_070d9ac976dd496d8c1767b9f3501207_2_1"> By claiming that ethical beliefs can be justified by inference from unjustified beliefs.
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<h3>Discussion Question 8.5.5</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Do you think there are objective ethical facts? If so, how can we know what they are? Use this space to wrap up the discussion of ethical objectivity.</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 8.5.5", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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<h3>Lecture 8 General Discussion</h3>
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<p>Do you have any other comments or questions about Lecture 8? This is the place to air them.</p>
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