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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reading</h2>
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<h3>Reading for Lecture 1</h3>
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<p>Each lecture has an assigned reading. You should do the reading before working through the lecture. You will get so much more out of the lecture if you do.</p>
<p></p>
<p>The reading for Lecture 1 is <a href="https://courses.edx.org/assets/courseware/v1/9707546ff495afc9c20373a29da8a8d8/asset-v1:MITx+24.02x+2T2020+type@asset+block/L1_L5_Epicurus_Lucretius.pdf" target="[object Object]">Epicurus and Lucretius on death</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">What is Ethics?</h2>
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Problem 1.1.1
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<h3>Discussion Question 1.1.3</h3>
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<p>Think of a difficult decision you have had to make, with many conflicting reasons. Which of those reasons are moral? Which have to do with your own well-being? Were there reasons that don't fit either category?</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 1.1.3", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Epicurus and Lucretius on Death</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Epicurus and Lucretius on Death</h3>
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Problem 1.2.1
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1[]" id="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1"> The best life is the most pleasant.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1[]" id="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1"> The best life is one of constant partying.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1[]" id="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1"> The best life is one of peaceful conversation with friends.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1[]" id="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a5b88bc2d98e441883f6b79b05ac6a07_2_1"> The best life is one of fame and fortune.
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Problem 1.2.2
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<input type="radio" name="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1" id="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1"> Because death will free your soul to heaven.
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<input type="radio" name="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1" id="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1"> Because dying is painless.
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<input type="radio" name="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1" id="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1"> Because you won't be around to experience pain when you are dead.
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<input type="radio" name="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1" id="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f7725b5ba224ae0890313a584d572d3_2_1"> Because life is not worth living.
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<h3>Discussion Question 1.2.3</h3>
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<p>Use this space to discuss the argument that death is not bad for you. What are its strengths and weaknesses? Do you find it convincing? Why or why not?</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 1.2.3", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Valid Arguments</h2>
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<h3>What is an argument?</h3>
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<p>Start by taking a look at <a href="https://youtu.be/ohDB5gbtaEQ" target="[object Object]">Monty Python's answer.</a></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Valid Arguments</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_03f290507cd846b9b6afbea731cf0a49">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
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Problem 1.3.1
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<legend id="c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is an argument?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1" id="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1"> A sequence of claims, the last of which is the conclusion, while the others are premises.
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1" id="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1"> A contradiction or contradictory statement.
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1" id="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c3a6c61c7a804870aba478dc93f38498_2_1"> A controversial theory or position.
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Problem 1.3.2
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<legend id="b4251ebfe36e4c4e89c1ecaf8c96fd68_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd"><p>Is the following an argument?</p>
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<p>(P1) Polar bears are white.</p>
<p>(P2) 2 plus 2 is 4.</p>
<p>(C) God exists.</p>
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Problem 1.3.3
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<legend id="e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">An argument is invalid if and only if...</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1" id="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1"> it would not convince an impartial judge.
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<input type="radio" name="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1" id="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1"> its conclusion is implausible.
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<input type="radio" name="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1" id="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e5631db3ad394e0ebd68e56f7dfb242d_2_1"> it is possible for the premises to be true and yet the conclusion false.
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Problem 1.3.4
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<legend id="bc77a6cbba1b4dc1a164c006175f4a9f_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Are there valid arguments with false conclusions?</legend>
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Problem 1.3.5
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<legend id="df246dc0633a4c0aa44d285df72696e9_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd"><p>Is the following argument valid?</p>
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<p>(P1) Polar bears are white.</p>
<p>(C) Polar bears are white.</p>
</i></legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_df246dc0633a4c0aa44d285df72696e9_2_1" id="input_df246dc0633a4c0aa44d285df72696e9_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="df246dc0633a4c0aa44d285df72696e9_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_df246dc0633a4c0aa44d285df72696e9_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_df246dc0633a4c0aa44d285df72696e9_2_1"> Yes
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Problem 1.3.6
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_e3fdebe262cc4ce1a5c7868b1ace95b4_2_1">
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<legend id="e3fdebe262cc4ce1a5c7868b1ace95b4_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd"><p>Is the following argument valid?</p>
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<p>(P1) Polar bears are white.</p>
<p>(P2) Polar bears are not white.</p>
<p>(C) God exists.</p>
</i></legend>
<div class="field">
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Problem 1.3.7
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<p>(C) Either God exists or God does not exist.</p>
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<h3 class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Discussion Question 1.3.8</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Can you explain your answers to questions 1.3.4 through 1.3.7? Use the definition of validity we gave: an argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.</p>
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Problem 1.4.1
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Problem 1.4.2
</h3>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_9b25ec833e174c7a83dadc2b482d0d41_2_1">
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<legend id="9b25ec833e174c7a83dadc2b482d0d41_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Are there sound arguments with false conclusions?</legend>
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Problem 1.4.3
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<legend id="a337679ab3cb459fbf68b5d6f03870e6_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd"><p>Is the following argument sound?</p>
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<p>(P1) Polar bears are white.</p>
<p>(C) Polar bears are white.</p>
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Problem 1.4.4
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<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.02x+2T2020+type@problem+block@d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e-problem-progress"></div>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e_2_1">
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<legend id="d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd"><p>Is the following argument sound?</p>
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<p>(P1) Polar bears are white.</p>
<p>(P2) Polar bears are are not white.</p>
<p>(C) God exists.</p>
</i></legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e_2_1" id="input_d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d5b28c2abe404aac8c2a83b5b5a2796e_2_1"> Yes
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Problem 1.4.5
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<legend id="b116b3ee8e564dcd8e97e2b37d3af1d8_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd"><p>Is the following argument sound?</p>
<i>
<p>(P1) Justin Bieber is human.</p>
<p>(P2) All humans are mortal.</p>
<p>(C) Justin Bieber is mortal.</p>
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<h3>Discussion Question 1.4.6</h3>
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Problem 1.5.1
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<legend id="722ab5ce13d8496397f9e828f7b8ea40_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The argument given by Epicurus and Lucretius turned out not to be valid. Which of the following explains its invalidity?</legend>
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<legend id="c28f3af4ae204237a99ed914a73d4b6f_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following are bad for you, according to Hedonism. Check all that apply.</legend>
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<h3 class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Discussion Question 1.5.2</h3>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Use this space to discuss Hedonism about well-being. Do you have questions about the view? Do you find it plausible? Why or why not?</p>
<p>Please click the post labeled "Discussion Question 1.5.2", look over other learners' responses, and add your own. Please do not create a new post. Just add a response to that existing post. That makes it easier for everyone to see what others are saying.</p>
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<h3>Lecture 1 General Discussion</h3>
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<p>Do you have any further questions or comments about Lecture 1? This is the place to air them.</p>
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