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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to Second Argument Analysis</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Introduction to Second Argument Analysis</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Second Argument Analysis</h2>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Here is your third graded assessment. It consists of 4 problems, all of which in some way concern U.T. Place<span style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">’</span>s response to <span style="line-height: 1.6;">neurophysiologist </span><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Charles Sherrington in Place’s article, “</span><a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block/11_place_is_consciousness_a_brain_process_.pdf" target="_blank" style="line-height: 25.6px;">Is Consciousness a Brain Process?</a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">”</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">You have exactly <strong>two chances </strong>to answer each of these questions, so take your time, and think before you click! <strong>Once you hit the button that says “Final Check”, you have expended one chance.</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">You are welcome to consult as much course material as you need to in answering these questions.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Answers will be available after the assessment due date.</p>
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Problem 1
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<p>In &#8220;Is Consciousness a Brain Process?&#8221;, Place quotes the following passage by Sherrington:</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px"> The chain of events stretching from the sun&#8217;s radiation entering the eye to, on the one hand, the contraction of the pupillary muscles, and on the other, to the electrical disturbances in the brain-cortex are all straightforward steps in a sequence of physical &#8216;causation&#8217;, such as, thanks to science, are intelligible. But in the second serial chain there follows on, or attends, the stage of brain-cortex reaction an event or set of events quite inexplicable to us which both as to themselves and as to the causal tie between them and what preceded them science does not help us; a set of events seemingly incommensurable with any of the events leading up to it. The self &#8216;sees&#8217; the sun; it senses a two-dimensional disc of brightness located in the &#8216;sky&#8217;, this last a field of lesser brightness, and overhead shaped as a rather flattened dome, coping the self and a hundred other visual things as well. Of hint that this is within the head there is none. Vision is saturated with this strange property called &#8216;projection&#8217;, the unargued inference that what it sees is at a &#8216;distance&#8217; from the seeing &#8216;self&#8217;. Enough has been said to stress that in the sequence of events a step is reached where a physical situation in the brain leads to a psychical, which however contains no hint of the brain or any other bodily part&#8230; The supposition has to be, it would seem, two continuous series of events, one physicochemical, the other psychical, and at times interaction between them</p>
<p>You can extract an argument that corresponds to Place&#8217;s interpretation of Sherrington from this passage. (Never mind whether there are other interpretations.) Which of the following is best construed as the conclusion of that argument?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1">
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<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> No physicochemical event in the brain involves awareness of a two-dimensional disc of brightness.
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> The physicochemical event that accompanies seeing the sun causally interacts with the psychical event of seeing the sun.
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> If the psychical event of seeing the sun involves awareness of two-dimensional disc of brightness, then psychical events are inexplicable.
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> There is no hint of the phenomenon of projection in the physicochemical events that accompany seeing the sun.
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_4"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> The psychical event of seeing the sun involves awareness of a two-dimensional disc of brightness.
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_5"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> If there is no hint of the phenomenon of projection, in the physicochemical events that accompany perception, then no physicochemical event in the brain involves a two-dimensional yellow disc.
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_6" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_6"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_6-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_6" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> The sequence of causation among physicochemical events, when you see the sun, is intelligible, thanks to science.
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_7" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_7"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1-choice_7-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1_choice_7" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"> The psychical event of seeing the sun is not identical to any physicochemical event in the brain.
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<span id="answer_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1"/>
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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<p> Which of the following are best construed as the argument&#8217;s premises?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 2" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_0-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> No physicochemical event in the brain involves awareness of a two-dimensional disc of brightness.
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<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_1-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> The physicochemical event that accompanies seeing the sun causally interacts with the psychical event of seeing the sun.
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</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_2-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> If the psychical event of seeing the sun involves awareness of two-dimensional disc of brightness, then psychical events are inexplicable.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_3-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> There is no hint of the phenomenon of projection in the physicochemical events that accompany seeing the sun.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_4-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> The psychical event of seeing the sun involves awareness of a two-dimensional disc of brightness.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_5"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_5-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> If there is no hint of the phenomenon of projection, in the physicochemical events that accompany perception, then no physicochemical event in the brain involves a two-dimensional yellow disc.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_6" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_6"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_6-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_6" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> The sequence of causation among physicochemical events, when you see the sun, is intelligible, thanks to science.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1[]" id="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_7" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_7"/><label id="b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1-choice_7-label" for="input_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1_choice_7" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b55057214b8243f9839a4c939f3160d7_3_1"> The psychical event of seeing the sun is not identical to any physicochemical event in the brain.
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<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem 2
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<p>Let x-ness be a perceptible property, like <i>redness</i>. Which of the following is the best paraphrase of what Place calls &#8220;the phenomenological fallacy&#8221;?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1">
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<input type="radio" name="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1" id="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1"> A subject can always tell if she is having an experience of x-ness.
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<input type="radio" name="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1" id="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1"> If a subject has an experience of x-ness, then her experience is x.
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<input type="radio" name="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1" id="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1"> A subject can always tell if the object of her experience is x.
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<input type="radio" name="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1" id="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1"> If the object of her experience is x, then a subject will have an experience of x-ness.
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<input type="radio" name="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1" id="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_4"/><label id="f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1"> A subject has an experience of x-ness only if an object of her experience is x.
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<input type="radio" name="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1" id="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_5"/><label id="f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f387dcbae516474e8da306090cd9eb43_2_1"> If the object of her experience is x, then a subject&#8217;s experience is x.
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<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem 3
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<p>Place claims that Sherrington&#8217;s argument is making the mistake of assuming the &#8220;phenomenological fallacy&#8221;. Effectively, that is to deny one of the premises of the above argument. Which one?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> No physicochemical event in the brain involves awareness of a two-dimensional disc of brightness.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> The physicochemical event that accompanies seeing the sun causally interacts with the psychical event of seeing the sun.
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> If the psychical event of seeing the sun involves awareness of two-dimensional disc of brightness, then psychical events are inexplicable.
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> There is no hint of the phenomenon of projection in the physicochemical events that accompany seeing the sun.
</label>
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<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_4"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> The psychical event of seeing the sun involves awareness of a two-dimensional disc of brightness.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_5"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> If there is no hint of the phenomenon of projection, in the physicochemical events that accompany perception, then no physicochemical event in the brain involves a two-dimensional yellow disc.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_6" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_6"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_6-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_6" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> The sequence of causation among physicochemical events, when you see the sun, is intelligible, thanks to science.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1" id="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_7" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_7"/><label id="aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1-choice_7-label" for="input_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1_choice_7" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_aca2ed8a97f14a778c360ae6c40c2c54_2_1"> The psychical event of seeing the sun is not identical to any physicochemical event in the brain.
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Problem 4
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<p>Here is a slightly abridged version of the Argument from Illusion:</p>
<ol>
<li>In the hallucinatory situation Olivia sees something that is orange and round, but which is not a satsuma (or any other material object)&#8212;call this thing Olivia sees a &#8220;sense datum&#8221;.</li>
<li>If Olivia sees a (round, orange) sense datum in the hallucinatory situation, she sees a (round, orange) sense datum in the ordinary situation.</li>
<li>Olivia only sees one round orange object in the ordinary situation.</li>
<li> Hence, if Olivia sees a (round, orange) sense datum in the hallucinatory situation, in the ordinary situation she does not see the satsuma.</li>
<li>Hence&#8212;and generalizing the argument&#8212;we never see (or perceive) any material object.</li>
</ol>
<p> Which of the above would Place say involves the phenomenological fallacy?</p>
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