<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@d2e9674469004b559e38e324ef0724bd" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 10</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@e1a082bfdfb644eba36a7787a40c40ee">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@e1a082bfdfb644eba36a7787a40c40ee" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Welcome to Lecture 10! Here we discuss the so-called identity theory, which became an important and much-discussed theory of mind around the middle of the 20th Century.</p>
<p>The reading for Lecture 10 is <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/4464804f4ae111e69bac7184c097daf3/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/10_smart_sensations_and_brain_processes.pdf" target="_blank">"Sensations and Brain-Processes"</a> by J. J. C. Smart.</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Introducing the Identity Theory: Let’s get to it!</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/19ccb3be4a4c438899a258878b9ad44b" target="_blank">The Moral of the Last Lecture</a>: In which the problems of behaviorism are used to motivate the identity theory.</span></li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/b317dc7ab59e48ada9f6ddff005268d2" target="_blank">The Identity Theory</a>: The theory stated, in all its glory.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Smart on the Identity Theory: J.J.C. Smart is the father of the identity theory; here we see what he was thinking.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/281962898feb4d958308257f57431568" target="_blank">“Sensations and Brain Processes”</a>: The motivation for identity theory in Smart’s own words.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/670bb58cf420463ebc6ed812319fba99" target="_blank">Ockham’s Razor</a>: Smart mentions “Occam’s Razor”. What’s that?</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/6770ef66cdbc40ab97f2d8a865acf972" target="_blank">Nomological Danglers</a>: He also mentions “nomological danglers”. What are those?</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>The Identity Relation: The identity theory says that mental states are identical to certain physical states that concern the brain. Seems like the least complicated part of that is the “identical” part. But actually, it is easy to get confused. So let’s get clear on identity.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f6c5c424f6af47c3b1d50a41642e498b" target="_blank">Relations in General</a>: Identity is a <em>relation</em>. Let me explain.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/e3952b11a9124767836450676335ee69" target="_blank">The Identity Relation in Particular</a>: Identity is a special relation. There are many other relations you might confuse it with. Don’t!</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/5fc7ca35f1ce44e6bd74b0b33dc565f3" target="_blank">Correlation vs. Identity</a>: Here’s another way of thinking about the argument for the identity theory; it has to do with the superiority of explanations by way of identity rather than <em>correlation</em>.</span></li>
<li>The Objection from After-images: So far so good, for the identity theory. But after-images pose a special problem.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/73070f709baa46cc833225724be15b40" target="_blank">Experience vs. The Object of Experience</a>: Smart’s reply to the objection will depend on a certain distinction…</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/e928ea6d43444c73b02e283c9248022d" target="_blank">The Objection, and Smart’s Reply</a>: The Objection from After-images stated, and Smart’s reply given. The reply seems OK, but raises other worries…</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 10 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/8896e4be1517f36bc3abc64d58cbb482/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_10_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@19ccb3be4a4c438899a258878b9ad44b" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introducing the Identity Theory: The Moral of Last Lecture</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@aa608455ed8147c882a5801bc9b4f477">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@aa608455ed8147c882a5801bc9b4f477" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h1>Introducing the Identity Theory</h1>
<p>By the end of this part of the lecture, you should know what, exactly, the identity theory is, and have some idea why people liked it.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Moral of Last Lecture</h3>
<div
id="video_6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/45a925f1915e4f8da28b730c8059a8c4.jpeg?Signature=5Ow1xCXUI0TN7CY2m7mhcl2HI6E%3D&Expires=1739787182&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042200_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042200/MIT2409XT315-V042200.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 105.91, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:VdarABqT_rA", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@6ab4368bb2634b48a3e2d554be38035b/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: a moral
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1">
<legend id="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What suggests that mental states cannot be identified with dispositions to behave?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1" id="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1"> Dispositions to behave explain mental states.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1" id="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1"> Nothing can explain itself.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1" id="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1"> Mental states explain dispositions to behave.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1" id="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1"> There are no immaterial souls.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: a moral" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="9f10f9fc9dea43f38077fadc227b13b3-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@b317dc7ab59e48ada9f6ddff005268d2" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introducing the Identity Theory: The Identity Theory</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Identity Theory</h3>
<div
id="video_5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/f093e6512b6b420ba9c268fc8d80bb80.jpeg?Signature=Q8E8904NQSxFHsK8vTHnMXiX5O4%3D&Expires=1739787183&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042700_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042700/MIT2409XT315-V042700.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 377.11, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:BSTKdXQDH1A", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@5e3b4fceed094933b117888a3e1c90c2/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: discovered
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<p>The following is <i>not</i> an identity that science can plausibly be thought to have discovered:</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1" id="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1"> Water = H20
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1" id="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1"> Heat = molecular kinetic energy
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1" id="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1"> Genes = protein coding regions of DNA.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1" id="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1"> Pain = C-fiber stimulation.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<div class="solution-span">
<span id="solution_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6_solution_1"/>
</div></div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: discovered" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="65095953522547848620650ee8cf43c6-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@281962898feb4d958308257f57431568" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Smart on the Identity Theory: 'Sensations and Brain Processes'</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@38501cbdd2d5401c875b77c580f6e3e5">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@38501cbdd2d5401c875b77c580f6e3e5" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h1>Smart on the Identity Theory</h1>
<p>J.J.C. Smart was a British-born philosopher who lived most of his life in Australia. He made many contributions to contemporary philosophy; one of his most significant is the identity theory. In this part of the lecture, we’ll see what Smart thought were the reasons for believing the identity theory. We’ll see exactly what Smart said, first, and then do some explaining.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: "Sensations and Brain Processes"</h3>
<div
id="video_b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/f4739b181e314fadba657b1649ae30d3.jpeg?Signature=wzwfd50LGSvib1cX9nl3GFdvVKg%3D&Expires=1739787183&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042400_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042400/MIT2409XT315-V042400.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 187.49, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:EMfELPcnhrE", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@b3c84ecd1fea4e0291ab04ff0474d19f/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: resist
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<p>Which suggestions does Smart <i>not</i> want to resist?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1[]" id="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1"> To report an after image is to report something irreducibly mental.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1[]" id="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1"> The occurrence of sensations cannot be explained in terms of physics.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1[]" id="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1"> Believing in irreducible sensations would violate Occam&#8217;s Razor.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1[]" id="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1"> Accepting &#8220;nomological danglers&#8221; is bad scientific practice.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<p> </p>
<p>Note: Make sure you select all of the correct options&#8212;there may be more than one!</p>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: resist" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="70ac0df9e2a2469eb56bc37ea5e2e580-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@670bb58cf420463ebc6ed812319fba99" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Smart on the Identity Theory: Ockham's Razor</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Ockham's Razor</h3>
<div
id="video_42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/e1bc54f8c6494fad8997afff732ec889.jpeg?Signature=sxM3Ra2lTF1wncq%2B4G93wp%2FEUwY%3D&Expires=1739787183&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042300_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042300/MIT2409XT315-V042300.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 123.16, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:eD7xgRKwZq0", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@42109561202b4ce88afc0f52c641df76/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: Ockham&#39;s Razor
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<p>The principle of Ockham&#8217;s Razor says:</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1" id="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1"> Properties do not exist.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1" id="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1"> If all else is equal, prefer theories that posit fewer entities.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1" id="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1"> There are no irreducibly mental entities.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1" id="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1"> A simpler theory is better than a more complex one.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<div class="solution-span">
<span id="solution_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9_solution_1"/>
</div></div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: Ockham&#39;s Razor" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="62278822333841608a779fb19a19c8e9-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@6770ef66cdbc40ab97f2d8a865acf972" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Smart on the Identity Theory: Nomological Danglers</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Nomological Danglers</h3>
<div
id="video_e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/3ee530bc628946b595e662ce80795ab2.jpeg?Signature=c7H%2FmLErnBr7axQr3U0b7eBOSdc%3D&Expires=1739787183&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042600_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042600/MIT2409XT315-V042600.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 186.39, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:wITbn0W-AXE", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e8fb2d284b894008ae9d0a072c441c90/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: nomological danglers
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1">
<legend id="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What sorts of laws does Smart think would be &#8220;nomological danglers&#8221;?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1" id="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1"> laws connecting events in the peripheral nervous system with brain processes
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1" id="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1"> laws connecting brain processes with the occurence of certain sensations
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1" id="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1"> laws connecting brain processes with certain types of behavior
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1" id="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1"> laws connecting the occurence of certain brain processes with the occurence of other brain processes
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: nomological danglers" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="8a6a6d31d9184116b786f5c35af56e7f-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@f6c5c424f6af47c3b1d50a41642e498b" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Identity Relation: Relations in General</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@10e9d7adfa52480d96bfdfdfc18aacd8">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@10e9d7adfa52480d96bfdfdfc18aacd8" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h1>The Identity Relation</h1>
<p><span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">The identity theory says that mental states are identical to brain processes. Seems like the least complicated part of that is the “identical” part. But actually, it is easy to get confused. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be able to distinguish the relevant sense of “identity” from other, similar ideas.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Relations in General</h3>
<div
id="video_1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/af734df2f6eb4f38bea8fd644d1558e3.jpeg?Signature=iX6QVY%2BBc1l3rlyqPiJMZkvNCjA%3D&Expires=1739787183&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042500_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042500/MIT2409XT315-V042500.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 140.61, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:PM10h8SFjp4", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1b61a38a772643c0bbeeacf8a4956e41/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: not valid
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<p>What is the best explanation for why the following argument is not valid? </p>
<p>The book is grey. Grey is a color. Therefore, the book is a color.</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1" id="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1"> The conclusion is false.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1" id="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1"> The English word &#8220;is&#8221; does not always express identity.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1" id="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1"> The relation &#8220;is the same color as&#8221; is not transitive.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1" id="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1"> Grey is not a color.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<div class="solution-span">
<span id="solution_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b_solution_1"/>
</div></div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: not valid" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="3c5ee1af2e0b4991a2c091316a02234b-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@e3952b11a9124767836450676335ee69" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Identity Relation: The Identity Relation in Particular</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Identity Relation in Particular</h3>
<div
id="video_321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/243e13c7d8b44e96b5e7e39581edb771.jpeg?Signature=Z25BJwhwb7Dqe1ly%2FOFoZyoRfzw%3D&Expires=1739787184&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V043100_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V043100/MIT2409XT315-V043100.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 453.25, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:xVQHtcVoz5Y", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@321d981efb2e49f680cdbcfa7ff7e422/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: equivalence relation
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<p>Which of the following is <i>not</i> an equivalence relation?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1" id="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1"> is exactly the same height as
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1" id="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1"> is identical to
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1" id="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1"> contains the same number of elementary particles as
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1" id="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1"> is highly similar to
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<div class="solution-span">
<span id="solution_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5_solution_1"/>
</div></div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: equivalence relation" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="a8e44352c6f5444c8e1f44a3ef6df0c5-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@5fc7ca35f1ce44e6bd74b0b33dc565f3" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Correlation vs. Identity</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@13e64da4e65e4edcb0a55e9939f80d5c">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@13e64da4e65e4edcb0a55e9939f80d5c" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h1>Correlation vs. Identity</h1>
<p>Here is another way of thinking about the argument for the identity theory; it involves comparing an explanation in terms of <em>correlation</em> with one in terms of <em>identity</em>. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be clear on why such a comparison is relevant, and why one might prefer the explanation by identity.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Correlation vs. Identity</h3>
<div
id="video_f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/853c05d041be42beb54d532896f08a79.jpeg?Signature=itY90aNQ4iDel2nzSSf%2FhYh%2BNfk%3D&Expires=1739787185&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042900_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042900/MIT2409XT315-V042900.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 337.44, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:fO79arZRLoI", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@f80bbdfa5f694b3ca0469d84e00e9081/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: explanations involving identity
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1">
<legend id="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What principle might justify the idea that, other things being equal, explanations involving identity are better than explanations involving correlation?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1" id="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1"> Good explanations are more elaborate.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1" id="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1"> Don&#8217;t confuse &#8220;we have excellent evidence for <i>p</i>&#8221; and &#8220;<i>p</i> is true&#8221;.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1" id="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1"> Avoid nomological danglers.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1" id="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1"> Occam&#8217;s razor.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<div class="solution-span">
<span id="solution_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74_solution_1"/>
</div></div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: explanations involving identity" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="e215dc0d3ea74ffea1f8ea8a6e29fc74-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@73070f709baa46cc833225724be15b40" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Objection from After-Images: Experience vs. Object of Experience</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@38f5efb4b35a4e879a60394617efdcc9">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@38f5efb4b35a4e879a60394617efdcc9" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h1>The Objection from After-Images</h1>
<p>So far so good, for the identity theory. But there are problems. In particular, a certain mental phenomenon seems particularly difficult to explain by means of identity—the phenomenon of <em>after-images</em>. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should understand the objection, Smart’s reply to that objection, and the further worries that Smart’s reply raises.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@0939cac2640c4b1cbac52ad87cf0e2db">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@0939cac2640c4b1cbac52ad87cf0e2db" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Before getting to the objection and Smart’s reply, it will be helpful to explain a certain distinction: the distinction between an experience and the object of that experience. See below.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Experience vs. Object of Experience</h3>
<div
id="video_1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/301f1f395f9241e99fa4193a19a4c80d.jpeg?Signature=kOA7uvfVk%2FmTIrWzsIgZxGDd2uU%3D&Expires=1739787185&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V042800_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V042800/MIT2409XT315-V042800.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 236.14, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:LfPe2cHgJ4c", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@1cd8a06519684c37bfa1e59d1085a483/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-3" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: the identity theory
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1">
<legend id="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The identity theory is a theory about which of the following (select all that apply)</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1[]" id="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1"> satsumas
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1[]" id="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1"> orange
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1[]" id="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1"> experiences of seeing a satsuma
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1[]" id="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1"> experiences of seeing orange
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: the identity theory" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="abfcfe8e19de44e1b7a7a9e03fc22a9b-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@e928ea6d43444c73b02e283c9248022d" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Objection from After-Images: The Objection, and Smart's Reply</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="video" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Objection, and Smart's Reply</h3>
<div
id="video_e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "completionEnabled": false, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autohideHtml5": false, "completionPercentage": 0.95, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/0a15e7d794bd4804b6679e49df4e9484.jpeg?Signature=G66wYv3D%2BCwuYHqsY9L94a99AKI%3D&Expires=1739787185&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEsaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDiZlJTp6o1FT12WeQjRheW%2Foy3XmbFQLaDFS4Y%2Fd6YcwIhAJuZ59QZo1My3ZQhAIlVQyTeQQN2Q7Vb8mYN9%2BLEx1O2KrkFCHMQAxoMODU5MjA1NjM3NDExIgxETX1rFZiw%2FyzUiH0qlgW4pT3ifbCoUE3uoP06z3S9RlyaOC0yJt5ctdYBEoWzAf6vp7eePHYnYULHJ%2FweBmh4gyPCwPSTdcyd9skq3wrCmRgBg4SNz%2BhBDucALkGc9ZuQhEED7yPaqqo1q4c%2FHjtJLn82OAZZOFf6TKMXrZjsQEjH9jQmWSuQFHhcCtQ9hokV3NePYXX63wwnlLTOtMS4MH1Z945KvXgqxD%2FRMcAzzLSsyJ8WH%2BcQhh13Son1SqFmb2M0D1pora0eERJlWIz3ukdCK35J%2BYLABnpi%2BY0aERr17trYdHYTEH8Qq8R%2FvReTLo0pI753IADUbCkCQLqdRYVAaPznk4M8xfPAxm9yat4MQc0pJh1Sv8z2qx1iy0cNQ61SR0slT0%2BbgeSotoCjVZUYVUAc%2BLBIWw6w33rE8ErGsc21UZFXqhfcCpTh9YketyOeYCY19W147Ljwvd9HcLdbUOFFMLsPQGGDTCKxD79S64TBgGU5G%2FXQ4crFgGLcOX4iltjFibSdqa%2BzIf0aqzV4%2FD8GQe0UiBiD7Z8BggZmtb146qv6aQNtlqp%2BTbnnZfZEejvzWtzDgZOKsujxlQnoWFHlM9fRfLtPLj75pYyG4HneTpy3lZgU0kzZRG%2BWiFKC5bu%2BBDu8q5Cdj5rfSYjVKON6tkw9g7Sc5AT62NxVcGg0LcUW%2FM9bzyMcyORheCbMzIUOBZzY0UoVYdo81WGjICiDXVmwmXSoMgI3HEjnJaYkRB11GPDKB3%2BTq7RJWTuDrD%2FK6cK3LlfMJS%2F0FkwuIQbN8tvu4ZVZNmDKX0FHl9syOgAe%2B1bmos2qZVHtgD3kIGqrXAIWdCH9zb%2FLum%2F9AcVP7cpEV27ixkUB7wKNneQuzoeZpItqF%2BuaAKYxASDlWzChk8y9BjqwAQNaiKhXIIZLjQnZ1Lv8QUe9tAuiFjbGhQbVEUPpzECgCK8U%2Ftf40uBxaCv2kEiMSgTmIYUUtp5ymdz%2Br8EsVw3bJp3Ywsfp8R25bRPILfiqHziOVCBMCGB8QShdv%2B6K2NtnoACwUtWyRzzxczUNA0%2BPnh7jZNbd0vwjeY2mgYvNbY9f4PDzZeobleeKeGJ8AF8x%2B3q7RFH1UQEJWub3x4vmYFzoIVTXEilp%2BmiF5EHT&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSUR5P7Y4RJJ", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409X/MIT2409XT315-V043000_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MIT2409XT315-V043000/MIT2409XT315-V043000.m3u8"], "transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "saveStateEnabled": false, "captionDataDir": null, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "autoAdvance": false, "duration": 239.67, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "prioritizeHls": false, "autoplay": false, "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "streams": "1.00:tCunMezn_9U", "speed": null, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "showCaptions": "true", "start": 0.0, "transcriptLanguage": "en", "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu", "end": 0.0, "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6/handler/transcript/available_translations"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
<div class="wrapper-downloads" role="region" aria-labelledby="video-download-transcripts_e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6">
<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
</li>
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@e5cda57cc87249c5a8ac201a0b12c7c6/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22" data-graded="False" data-has-score="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="problem" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="0"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Problem: Smart&#39;s reply
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@problem+block@6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<p>What is Smart&#8217;s reply to the objection that orange after-images can&#8217;t be brain processes because brain processes aren&#8217;t orange?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1">
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1" id="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1"> After-images are never, in fact, orange; they just sometimes appear that way.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1" id="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1"> Some brain processes are, in fact, orange; they just never appear that way.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1" id="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1"> The objection is correct: orange-after images aren&#8217;t brain processes.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1" id="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1"> An argument of the form: a is F, b is not F, so a is not identical to b, is invalid.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
<div class="solution-span">
<span id="solution_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22_solution_1"/>
</div></div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Problem: Smart&#39;s reply" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="6cfa570d729f4a5181a931c7691e2e22-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="False">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@9cc7fc0592684a0b909d0d11d22ae41d">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-request-token="12886956ed1711efb8fb0e0e3c45b88f" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@html+block@9cc7fc0592684a0b909d0d11d22ae41d" data-graded="False" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-block-type="html" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>More on the identity theory next lecture; see you then! In the mean time, the reading is U. T. Place’s <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/2f3ca766c7359f7a251e97108878a4a9/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/11_place_is_consciousness_a_brain_process_.pdf" target="_blank">“Is Consciousness a Brain Process?”</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
© All Rights Reserved