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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 12</h2>
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<p>We’ve been alluding to it since Lecture 8, and in the last lecture we did a lot of prep work; now, finally, here is Kripke’s objection to the identity theory, in all its glory. Watch out—you may just be a dualist by the end of this lecture.</p>
<p>The reading for this lecture is <a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block/12_kripke_naming_and_necessity.pdf" target="_blank">an extract from </a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block/12_kripke_naming_and_necessity.pdf" target="_blank">Kripke’s <em>Naming and Necessity</em></a>.</span></p>
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<ul>
<li>Rigid Designation: Just to make sure you’ve got the idea, here it is again.</li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/1b8411bac12047178df19b02ba80cfa6" target="_blank">Recapping Rigid Designation</a>: Brief recap of what we covered last time.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/99df283018e24e878a7f114175137463" target="_blank">The Arbitrariness of the Sign</a>: You might recall an excellent question from last time: doesn’t the fact that the connection between names and things is contingent mean that there are no rigid designators? No!</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/4a2736b639894a5eba7736cf1b7a2896" target="_blank">Another Way to Make the Distinction</a>: Try it from another angle.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/64d93194e73948d0ba441073368c0ffd" target="_blank">Rigid Designation and Identity Statements</a>: Why do we care about rigid designation? Because of <em>identity statements</em> that feature them.</li>
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</ul>
<li>The Objection: Here we go.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/44f9ef0d3b324d8f9f5a1490fdcb7c2b" target="_blank">Heat = MKE?</a> Identity statements involving rigid designators are necessary. But what about heat and mean molecular kinetic energy?</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/153dd273263b42d98fa7af04b36ec6e1" target="_blank">Pain = C-fibers Firing?</a> Now we know why “Heat = MKE” <em>seems</em> contingent. But that explanation will <i>not</i> work for “Pain = C-fibers Firing”. And so: Kripke’s objection.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/447b115da9a54056a6373ff7b2c0bfda" target="_blank">Discussion of Premise 2</a>: An obvious place to attack Kripke’s objection is Premise 2. So let’s think about it. MIT students weigh in.</li>
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</ul>
</ul>
<li>The Return of Argument D: Remember Argument D, for dualism? It’s back, new and improved.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/bf61d5d922f04b30a20b494275da63a6" target="_blank">Repairing Argument D</a>: The stuff about rigid designation fixes a problem with Argument D.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/0cace79ceb3d44ff9b8bce5669e2378e" target="_blank">Aside: Is the Conclusion Strong Enough?</a> A student points out: the conclusion of Argument D is not <em>exactly</em> dualism. Good point.</li>
</ul>
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</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 12 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/f9220f9acad148d01e8361413de920d4/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_12_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Rigid Designation: Recapping Rigid Designation</h2>
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<h1>Rigid Designation</h1>
<p>As I suggested last time, the key idea you need to understand Kripke’s objection is <em>rigid designation</em>. In this part of the lecture, we’ll go over what we said about it last time, clarify some potentially confusing points, and try explaining it in a different way. Hopefully, by the end, your understanding of rigid designation will be solid.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Rigid Designation: The Arbitrariness of the Sign</h2>
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<p>In Lecture 11, a student asked an excellent question about an argument that seems to show that there are no rigid designators. Here, we show why that isn’t right.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Arbitrariness of the Sign</h3>
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<p>Scott and Smith are plumbers, not dancers. In a nearby possible world <em>w</em>, Scott is named &#8220;Smith&#8221; and dances for the American Ballet Company.</p>
<p>Given the information provided, is Smith a dancer in world <i>w</i>?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Rigid Designation: Another Way to Make the Distinction</h2>
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<p>A. Wasim Akram, the Pakistani cricketer, could have studied engineering and ended up as the president of MIT. </p>
<p>B. Rafael Reif&#8217;s parents could have moved to Pakistan from Venezuela, and Rafael could have been born in Islamabad.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Rigid Designation: Rigid Designation and Identity Statements</h2>
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Problem: all the rigid designators
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Problem: all the non-rigid designators
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Objection: Heat = MKE?</h2>
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<h1>The Objection</h1>
<p>Finally, we can state the objection. The objection is aimed at showing that, in particular, pain is not identical to c-fibres firing, but it can be generalized to any alleged identity between sensations and something physical.</p>
<p>Before getting to pain and c-fibres, though, it will be helpful to consider a different identity: that between heat and mean molecular kinetic energy.</p>
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Problem: contingent Identity
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<legend id="a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Mark all the contingent identity statements. (Assuming Kripke is right.)</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1[]" id="input_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1"> &#8220;Water = Hydrogen Hydroxide&#8221;
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1[]" id="input_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a6cbdbd782e2479c855b14f8a58f91fb_2_1"> &#8220;Mark Twain = the greatest American humorist&#8221;
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Problem: necessary identity
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<legend id="9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Mark all the identity statements that, if true, are necessarily true. (Assuming Kripke is right.)</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1[]" id="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1"> &#8220;Pain = c-fibers firing&#8221;
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1[]" id="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1"> &#8220;Angela Davis = the activist who was a member of the UCLA philosophy department and the Communist Party USA&#8221;
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1[]" id="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_9582f76c694f41009ce92e1c52c17214_2_1"> &#8220;2 = the number of Nobel Prizes won by Marie Curie&#8221;
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Objection: Pain = C-Fibers Firing?</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Pain = C-Fibers Firing?</h3>
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Problem: possible scenarios
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<legend id="2648ab622617407aa65e28f316efc552_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Mark all the possible scenarios (according to Kripke).</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Objection: Discussion of Premise 2</h2>
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Problem: giant robots
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<div><b>R</b>: I can clearly and distinctly conceive that mile-high robots destroyed Earth in the year 2000.
<p>Premise 2 and <b>R</b> entail:</p><div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_42898ea1faca42eda31a000184897b2a_2_1">
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Discussion of Premise 2, Part II</h3>
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<p>We’ll talk more about premise 2 in the next lecture.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Return of Argument D: Repairing Argument D</h2>
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<h1>The Return of Argument D</h1>
<p>Back in lecture 8, we identified a problem with Descartes’ second argument for dualism. We promised back then that there was a way of fixing the problem. Well, now we can fulfil that promise, with the help of rigid designators. By the end of this part of the lecture you should understand how.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Repairing Argument D</h3>
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<legend id="3b04b0a75ec443ce86249061dc215591_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What was the crucial observation that rescued argument D2 from the previous objection?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Return of Argument D: Aside: Is the Conclusion Strong Enough?</h2>
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<p>An interesting aside: as a student points out, the conclusion of Argument D, while interesting and controversial, isn’t <em>exactly </em>what the dualist was after. See the video below to find out more.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Aside: Is the Conclusion Strong Enough?</h3>
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<p>We’ll talk more about this topic in the next lecture, where we will also introduce our final (and, among contemporary philosophers, most popular) theory of mind: functionalism. See you there!</p>
<p>(In the mean time: the readings are Hilary Putnam’s “<a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block@13_putnam_the_nature_of_mental_states.pdf" target="_blank">The Nature of Mental States</a>” and Ned Block’s “<a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block@14_block_what_is_functionalism.pdf" target="_blank">What is Functionalism?</a>”)</p>
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