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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 13</h2>
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<p>After clarifying some things from last lecture, we turn to the final theory of mind in Part 2, and the most popular among contemporary philosophers: functionalism. Readings: a classic article by Hilary Putnam, “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/d56c37d16d48a9842b52a79e5e4431c7/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/13_putnam_the_nature_of_mental_states.pdf">The nature of mental states</a>”, and Ned Block's expository paper, <span style="line-height: 25.6px;">“<a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block@14_block_what_is_functionalism.pdf" target="_blank">What is Functionalism?</a></span><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">”</span></p>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/df563106604f4a1896edeb66fdb8da71" target="_blank">A Hot Topic</a>: In case you need any more evidence that the topic of this course is cool…</li>
<li>Some Loose Ends: Let’s get some closure on a few issues raised in our discussion of Kripke’s objection.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/2360c0f38ec4487c994f5d5419de187a" target="_blank">Who’s Kripke?</a> I clean forgot to tell you. He’s important.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/e8967a2df62f4a70899d14b19118cb99" target="_blank">Premise 2</a>: When it comes to the D arguments, we’ve been focussing on the transition from C1 to C2. But there is <em>a lot</em> to say about Premise 2.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/0009b876146641b1bbd868d019cf86d9" target="_blank">Dualism and C2</a>: In which we discuss a good point a student raised last time: is the conclusion of the D argument exactly what the dualist is after?</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/895e259f76584c8ea0c8c5bd09ff8c0e" target="_blank">Block on Functionalism</a>: By way of introduction to the main topic, some help from our old friend Ned Block.</li>
<li>The Motivation: We’ve seen a few theories of mind now. How can we do better?</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/926258a3ad9e4cfc8b641b7c42626b53" target="_blank">Multiple Realizability Again</a>: In which we see a problem with the identity theory that has to do with <em>multiple realizability</em>.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/459112ad368242b695f13397cf8cd213" target="_blank">Some Lessons from Behaviorism</a>: What was wrong with behaviorism? We want a theory that doesn’t have the same problems.</li>
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<li>Functionalism: In which perhaps the most sophisticated theory of mind is presented and explained.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/00efd4a337804462aa927916d50e4568" target="_blank">Functional States</a>: Mental states are kinds of<em> functional states</em>, according to functionalism. What are those?</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f96d237fe04946dd8651059ae78dcab6" target="_blank">Functionalism Stated</a>: In which the view is stated in all its splendor.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/fc3aa8e44bb2457baa2fde50c5d12d57" target="_blank">What Could Possiblie Go Wrong?</a> Huh. That’s the first thing that’s ever gone wrong.</li>
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<p>You can download the Lecture 13 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/fac0a8b40090b6445e40a434b49f4b99/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_13_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">A Hot Topic</h2>
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<h1>A Hot Topic</h1>
<p>So I was on Facebook the other day…</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: A Hot Topic</h3>
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<p>The book review, by <a href="http://people.umass.edu/lrb/publications.html">Lynne Rudder Baker</a>, is <a href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/53139-contemporary-dualism-a-defense/">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Some Loose Ends: Who's Kripke?</h2>
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<h1>Some Loose Ends</h1>
<p>Our discussion of Kripke’s objection raised some issues that are worth going over a little before we move on. We do that in this part of the lecture. By the end you should have some idea who Saul Kripke is, and feel a little more satisfied about our discussion of the D argument for dualism.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Who's Kripke?</h3>
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<p>An excellent introduction to Kripke<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">’</span>s work is John Burgess<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">’</span>s book <a href="http://www.polity.co.uk/book.asp?ref=9780745652856">Kripke</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Some Loose Ends: Premise 2 of D3</h2>
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Problem: Yablo&#39;s reply.
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<p>What is the upshot of Yablo&#8217;s reply to Chalmers supposed to be?</p>
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Problem: Leibniz&#39;s Law
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<div><em>The identity of indiscernibles</em>, sometimes called Leibniz&#8217;s law, is the principle that if x and y are not identical then they do not have exactly the same properties.
<p/>
<em>The indiscernibility of identicals</em> (confusingly sometimes also called Leibniz&#8217;s law), is the converse principle that if x and y do not have exactly the same properties then they are not identical.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introducing Functionalism</h2>
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<h1>Block on Functionalism</h1>
<p>As an introduction to functionalism, we hear from Ned Block, who places the view in the context of the other theories of mind we’ve been discussing. You should have a sense of the overall terrain, and how functionalism fits into it, by the end of this part of the lecture.</p>
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<p>The article by Block mentioned in the lecture segment is “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/5b3eba11058447798aa9761918f84457/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/14_block_what_is_functionalism.pdf">What is functionalism?</a>”</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Motivation: Multiple Realizability Again</h2>
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<h1>The Motivation</h1>
<p>Let us look back on the theories of mind surveyed thus far, and see what we would like to do better. We will start by considering a problem with the identity theory, and then recall some of the reasons behaviorism was not so good. These are the problems that functionalism is designed to fix.</p>
<p>By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be clear on some of the problems with both the identity theory and behaviorism.</p>
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Problem: Putnam&#39;s formulation
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<p>Consider the following claim, in effect Putnam&#8217;s formulation of the identity theory:</p>
<p>S is in pain iff (a) S possesses a brain of a suitable physical-chemical structure, connected to c-fibers and (b) those c-fibers are firing.</p>
<p>A simpler version (the one we have been using for illustration in the lectures) omits (a):</p>
<p>S is in pain iff S has firing c-fibers</p>
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<legend id="3fb257b58eea4dac9b35b5eeace88d1e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">An example poses a problem for the simpler version, and motivates the move to Putnam&#8217;s formulation. What is it?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_3fb257b58eea4dac9b35b5eeace88d1e_2_1" id="input_3fb257b58eea4dac9b35b5eeace88d1e_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="3fb257b58eea4dac9b35b5eeace88d1e_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_3fb257b58eea4dac9b35b5eeace88d1e_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3fb257b58eea4dac9b35b5eeace88d1e_2_1"> A petri dish containing firing c-fibers.
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Problem: consistent
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<p>Consider the following schematic behaviorist claim:</p>
<p>S is in mental state M iff S is disposed to perform behavior B</p>
<p>Suppose the disposition to perform behavior B* is associated by the behaviorist <em>both</em> with mental state M1 <em>and</em> mental state M2. Assume that there is someone S who is in M1 but not in M2. Is this consistent with the above behaviorist claim?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Functionalism: Functional States</h2>
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<h1>Functionalism</h1>
<p>You’ve seen the problems; now for the solution. We begin by using a simple example to demonstrate the idea of a <em>functional state</em>, and then (in the next segment) we get to functionalism as a theory of the mind. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should have a basic understanding of functionalism.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Functional States</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Functionalism: Functionalism Stated</h2>
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Problem: Turing machines and functionalism
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<p>Does functionalism entail that an appropriately programmed Turing machine could think?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Functionalism: What Could Possiblie Go Wrong?</h2>
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<p>Let us now return to the motivation for functionalism, and see how the theory solves the problems we earlier identified.</p>
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<p>As you might be guessing, functionalism, though it has so much going for it, has problems too. We will get to those in the next lecture. See you then!</p>
<p>(P.S.: Yes, the title does have a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7trn91xkJ0w" target="_blank">spelling mistake</a>.)</p>
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