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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 18</h2>
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<p>We begin this lecture with a discussion of whether perception is an intrinsic or extrinsic phenomenon. That will complete our discussion of Part 3, and move us directly into Part 4, which is on perception generally.</p>
<p>The reading for this lecture is a Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy Entry by Tim Crane and Craig French, entitled “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/ef86eaaec15eb1dceb45edb5e0c3f5b1/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/18_crane_french_problem_of_perception.pdf" target="_blank">The Problem of Perception</a>”.</p>
<p>Here is the map of Lecture 18.</p>
<p></p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/d9b9d84d14864060addb6870f6d28be7" target="_blank">Previously on <em>24.09x</em>…</a>: A quick summary of the end of the last lecture, for those who need it.</li>
<li>Perception and Externalism: To finish off Part 3 and begin Part 4, we turn to perception…</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/c680aedb7b784fb5b9097e5191ed8960" target="_blank">What is Left?</a> If the arguments of the previous lecture work, then a whole bunch of mental states turn out to be extrinsic -- not entirely “in the head” . What part of our mental lives might still be entirely in the head?</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/fbdee871820548e9a15440eac6fe7c1d" target="_blank">What About Perception?</a> Is perceiving something an intrinsic or extrinsic property? We recall some discussion from Lecture 11, on the identity theory, and draw the lesson that perception is pretty obviously extrinsic.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f91949c798ae4b7aa3a4d0e55bb7912b" target="_blank">Maybe Perceiving is a Mixed State?</a> Just as the internalist take on knowledge is that it is a mixed state, the internalist might claim that perception is a mixed state. But that view has similar problems.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ba1c3ac4585f46749b9ed8afacb45839" target="_blank">Sense Data</a>: Here is another, much more radical internalist gambit. Sure, seeing a tomato is extrinsic. <em>But we don’t ever see tomatoes</em>. We see <em>sense data</em>. What are those? Find out here.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f7700c88a826454985bba191b8956b05" target="_blank">The Questions of Part 4</a>: We will be addressing two.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/5eb7baf6320a45b797abe7192e00182a" target="_blank">The Argument from Illusion</a>: Let’s start on the first question: do we ever see any physical objects? Here is an argument that we do not.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 18 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/1cda0acc00a7ccf83518fc0255bc308b/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_18_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Previously on 24.09x...</h2>
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<h1>Previously on 24.09x…</h1>
<p>The last part of the last lecture went by pretty quickly, so here it is again. We discuss the role of language in the cases for externalism, and the assumptions needed for cases of Type III to work. If you weren’t clear on these things before, make sure you are by the end of this part of the lecture.</p>
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Problem: Alfred
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<legend id="867e574509e742ff8e3916dfe3c7a210_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Pick the most plausible claim about Alfred in the actual situation:</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Perception and Externalism: What is Left?</h2>
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<h1>Perception and Externalism</h1>
<p>This part of the lecture both ends Part 3 and begins Part 4. We end Part 3 by examining whether perceiving something is an intrinsic mental state. We will find it seems not to be. But there is an internalist response: perception is intrinsic as long as all we ever perceive are mental objects, and not things in the external world like tomatoes and lemons. That response begins Part 4.</p>
<p>By the end of this part of the lecture, two things should have happened. The first is that you should have understood why perception, in the way we usually think about it, is clearly extrinsic. The second is that you should have gained some understanding of how the internalist response works.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Perception and Externalism: What About Perception?</h2>
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Problem: satsuma
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<p>Why isn&#8217;t <em>seeing a satsuma</em> a brain process?</p>
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Problem: seeing x
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<p>Consider the following analysis of <em>seeing a satsuma</em>.</p>
<p>S sees a satsuma iff a satsuma causes S to have a visual experience as of a round orange object.</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1">
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<legend id="56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following provides a counterexample to the right-to-left direction of this analysis?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1" id="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1"> S sees a persimmon and has a visual experience as of a round orange object.
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<input type="radio" name="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1" id="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1"> S eats a satsuma and chemicals in the satsuma cause S to have a visual experience as of a round orange object.
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<input type="radio" name="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1" id="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1"> S sees a satuma but the lighting is dim and S can&#8217;t make out its color.
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<input type="radio" name="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1" id="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_56a574a448874b5ba977323dc7622712_2_1"> Said puts a satsuma in front of S and tickles her brain so she has a visual experience as of a round orange object.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Perception and Externalism: Sense Data</h2>
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<p>We’ve seen one internalist response to the claim that perceiving is extrinsic. Here is another, much more radical one; it effectively raises the main question of Part 4 of this course.</p>
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<p>Three of the following are pretty obvious if you think about them for a bit. Which isn&#8217;t?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_d116e45b896e4fc5a94a08502fc287e3_2_1">
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Questions of Part 4</h2>
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<h1>The Questions of Part 4</h1>
<p>Part 4 of this course is on perception. There are two main questions concerning perception that we will consider. You should know what they are by the end of this part of the lecture.</p>
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Problem: a posteriori
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<legend id="2cd2fcd3990045b69d67d505885db92c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of these are knowable only a posteriori?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_2cd2fcd3990045b69d67d505885db92c_2_1[]" id="input_2cd2fcd3990045b69d67d505885db92c_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="2cd2fcd3990045b69d67d505885db92c_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_2cd2fcd3990045b69d67d505885db92c_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2cd2fcd3990045b69d67d505885db92c_2_1"> The largest known prime number is much larger than the number of neurons in the brain.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Argument from Illusion</h2>
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<h1>The Argument from Illusion</h1>
<p>Our first question is: do we ever perceive material objects? Here is a terrifiyingly convincing argument that we do not. We will go over it in more detail next lecture; for now, just try to get the statement of the argument clear in your mind.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Argument from Illusion</h3>
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<legend id="5573edd018904d458f1f4111c8a1d61b_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The argument from illusion has two parts. How are they related?</legend>
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<p>We will discuss the Argument from Illusion in the next lecture, and we will also move on to the second of the questions of Part 4. See you then!</p>
<p>(P.S.: The reading for Lecture 19 is Barry Maund’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/4ca618002d7986634688dfd19d98427b/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/19_maund_color.pdf" target="_blank">Color</a>”, from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.)</p>
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