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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 20</h2>
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<p>This is our last full lecture on perception; we continue our discussion of color. Among other things, you’ll see the state-of-the-art argument that things aren’t colored, and that it is all a massive illusion.</p>
<p>The Lecture 20 reading is C. L. Hardin’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/3fc389e473434a75026921a79aeedcd6/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/20_hardin_are__scientific__objects_colored_.pdf" target="_blank">Are ‘Scientific’ Objects Colored?</a>”.</p>
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<li><span style="line-height: 1.6; font-size: 1em;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/4bb4c6f37bed4679aaf4c39d41d13f7e" target="_blank">The Question</a>: A reminder of the question we are addressing in this part of the course.</span></li>
<li>Why Not Colors? Many students seem ready to believe that nothing is colored…</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/b1fd2f567aec43608e671190de474010" target="_blank">Two Suggestions</a>: …why believe that? We consider two reasons, as suggested by MIT students.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/47fe418082b44038a13d118c10ac1b7a" target="_blank">Suggestion 1: Different Perceivers</a>: Different subjects perceive the colors of things in very different ways. Doesn’t that show that things don’t really have colors? Not obviously.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/689a3858dc81467299be3dfb81f4cc70" target="_blank">Suggestion 2: Different Conditions</a>: The colors of things appear pretty different in different conditions. Doesn’t <em>that</em> show that things don’t really have color? Not obviously.</li>
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<li>The Argument from Explanation: Here is another argument for the conclusion that things aren’t colored. This one is more promising. </li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/74ffd94b05ec484ab276b66804f356b4" target="_blank">A Quick Introduction to the Science of Color Vision</a>: By ‘quick’ I mean six minutes.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/b7e2b2d5c6804c088885384d2719d74c" target="_blank">Why Does the Lemon Look Yellow?</a> We can explain it in a variety of ways…</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/a902ebdc6ea9449a9d70df88e82b28d7" target="_blank">Argument L</a>: …but none of those ways involve the lemon actually being yellow! That gives us an argument that it isn't.</li>
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<li>Hardin Against Color: That’s more like it! But the argument is not air-tight. We need philosopher C.L. Hardin to step into the breach.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/70f8b28219ad405ab8146491f0c7bd58" target="_blank">A Gap in the Argument</a>: It is not so obvious, on reflection, that none of our explanations involve the lemon’s being yellow.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/2c09d59d57b8494b81946443358735c2" target="_blank">Hardin vs. Realist Views of Color</a>: That’s where Hardin comes in. He argues that none of the things that explain the appearance of yellowness is identical to the property of being yellow.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/d913efd8b9de4937a16a03189332358a" target="_blank">Hardin vs. Objectivism</a>: Hardin on why explainers (a) and (b), which are physical properties of the lemon that have nothing to do with us, cannot be yellowness.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/c3acc7c4c1ed4070b965f238804323ed" target="_blank">Hardin vs. Subjectivism</a>: Hardin on why explainer (c), which is a dispositional property to affect us in a certain way, cannot be yellowness.</li>
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<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 20 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/df67b812a7f07c2cae5b3f7ad908710d/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_20_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Question</h2>
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<h1>The Question</h1>
<p>A quick reminder of the second question of Part 4, which is the topic of today’s lecture. Make sure you know what it is before you move on!</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: The Question</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Why Not Colors: Two Suggestions</h2>
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<h1>Why Not Colors?</h1>
<p>Our class poll indicated that the majority of residential students agreed that colors are an illusion. We discuss their reasons in this part of the lecture. By the end, you should be clear on what those reasons are, and have an opinion on how good they are.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Two Suggestions</h3>
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<legend id="a3cca3ab290a4a96a1bb2e3554ed64c2_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Three of these observations are naturally grouped together. What is the other one?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Why Not Colors: Suggestion 1: Different Perceivers</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Suggestion 1: Different Perceivers</h3>
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Problem: bad patterns
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<legend id="7a32a288b40d4be48e1a3f7a4e22bd7a_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to this segment, inferring from the phenomenon of human color-blindness to the conclusion that there are no colors is analogous to which of the following kind of reasoning?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Why Not Colors: Suggestion 2: Different Conditions</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Suggestion 2: Different Conditions</h3>
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<p>That’s the suggestion. Is it a good one? We discuss it below.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Numerous and Frequent?</h3>
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<legend id="769d13b10b4d4ee6899a519c2aae8511_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Some of the following are points that were made against Hume. Which?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Argument from Explanation: A Quick Introduction to the Science of Colour Vision</h2>
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<h1>The Argument from Explanation</h1>
<p>We’ve seen some considerations in favour of the thesis that nothing is really colored; they aren’t exactly conclusive. Can we do better? In this part of the lecture we will consider a stronger argument. It has to do with how the color appearances are explained.</p>
<p>The first thing we will do in this part of the lecture is learn a little bit about the science of color vision; knowing that, we will see how to explain color appearances. Those considerations will lead to an argument that nothing is colored. Your goal is to understand that argument by the end of this part of the lecture.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: A Quick Introduction to the Science of Color Vision</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Argument from Explanation: Why Does the Lemon Look Yellow?</h2>
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Problem: lettuces
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<legend id="080009a8920c4c049e695b262512e199_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following does not explain why lettuces look green?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Argument from Explanation: Argument L</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Hardin Against Color: A Gap in the Argument</h2>
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<h1>Hardin Against Color</h1>
<p>The Argument from Explanation seems promising. But, when you think about, you’ll see it only works if we supplement it with a controversial extra premise. In this section we will learn about a defense of that extra premise due to philosopher C. L. Hardin. We have now reached the state-of-the-art in arguments for the view that no material objects are colored.</p>
<p>By the end of this part of the lecture, you should understand the extra premise, and Hardin’s defense of it.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: A Gap in the Argument</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Hardin Against Color: Hardin vs. Realist Views of Colour</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Hardin Against Color: Hardin vs. Objectivism</h2>
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Problem: objection to objectivism
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<p>Hardin&#8217;s main objection to objectivism is:</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_16108db86a3e4501a116652941f0d7ff_2_1">
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Problem: against subjectivism
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<p>Subjectivism is the view that being color <i>C</i> just is being disposed to look color <i>C</i> to normal perceivers in normal conditions. In the segment, Hardin&#8217;s objection to subjectivism is that </p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_462edb12f3da4e02bc1a942f2dc105cc_2_1">
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<input type="radio" name="input_462edb12f3da4e02bc1a942f2dc105cc_2_1" id="input_462edb12f3da4e02bc1a942f2dc105cc_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="462edb12f3da4e02bc1a942f2dc105cc_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_462edb12f3da4e02bc1a942f2dc105cc_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_462edb12f3da4e02bc1a942f2dc105cc_2_1"> An object can look different colors to different &#8216;normal perceivers&#8217; in the same normal viewing conditions.
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<p>We’ll go over some of this material again in the beginning of next lecture. We will then segue to the final topic of this course: consciousness. Everything we’ve done do far will help us explore that, the final mystery of the mind. Get ready!</p>
<p>(Something that will help you get ready is to read Thomas Nagel’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/e44d6cf493b00fa4f8ad93c9cf163508/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/21_nagel_what_is_it_like_to_be_a_bat_.pdf" target="_blank">What is it Like to Be a Bat?</a>”, as well as going over the <a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block@20_hardin_are__scientific__objects_colored_.pdf" target="_blank">Hardin</a> again.)</p>
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