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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 21</h2>
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<p>Welcome to the final part of 24.09x, on consciousness. After recapping some stuff on perception (before which you might like to take another glance at Hardin’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/3fc389e473434a75026921a79aeedcd6/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/20_hardin_are__scientific__objects_colored_.pdf" target="_blank">Are ‘Scientific’ Object Coloured</a>”), we will talk about one of the most widely-cited papers about consciousness, Thomas Nagel’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/e44d6cf493b00fa4f8ad93c9cf163508/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/21_nagel_what_is_it_like_to_be_a_bat_.pdf" target="[object Object]">What is it like to be a bat?</a>”, which will help us understand what the problem of consciousness is supposed to be.</p>
<ul>
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<li>Recap: A review of the case that nothing is colored.</li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/32f2e583a5a449bb854c46832e496333" target="_blank">The Questions of Part 4</a>: There were two. The color one was the second one.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/951e4a9f5f114865930452d204e4a513" target="_blank">Argument L</a>: The beginning of a pretty good argument that things are not colored, contrary to appearances. But it has a gap…</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/516636180fdc4f35bbeed18f70d83df6" target="_blank">Hardin’s Argument Against Objectivism</a>: One half of the state-of-the-art.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/37e943329baf493c8bac89d0b53b54e8" target="_blank">Hardin’s Argument Against Subjectivism</a>: The other half.</li>
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</ul>
<li> The Problem of Consciousness: The topic of Part 5.</li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/0285d667bee64989ad5b47c95ab61c1b" target="_blank">Introducing Part 5</a>: In which we segue from Part 4 to Part 5.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/d089c7d188704c69a76c7ef677677b56" target="_blank">The Relevant Sense of <span style="color: #3c3c3c; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">“</span>Consciousness</a>”: In which I distinguish the topic of part 5 from other things that go by the label <span style="line-height: 25.6px;">“consciousness”.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/66b72ff9ad4e4394b4914ed40dd15b42" target="_blank">Some More Terminology</a>: Ways different philosophers have of describing states that are conscious in the relevant sense.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/57206d360cac4a2f92aa4684d2dfc61e" target="_blank">What is it Like to Be a Bat?</a> A good question, posed by the NYU philosopher Thomas Nagel, and one that brings the problem of consciousness into focus.</span></li>
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<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 21 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/376444d4914a7bdcec11a515d7fee730/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_21_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">A Recap: The Questions of Part 4</h2>
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<h1>A Recap</h1>
<p>We went over a lot of information in little time, last lecture. If you'd like to run through Hardin’s argument again, briefly, just to make sure your knowledge is solid, this part of the current lecture is for you.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">A Recap: Argument L</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Argument L</h3>
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Problem: argument L
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<legend id="38f4be84a81542769cd1b338e961b226_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Suppose that yellowness is the disposition to look yellow to normal perceivers in normal conditions, and that the fact that the lemon has this disposition explains why it looks yellow. In that case, argument L:</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">A Recap: Hardin's Argument Against Objectivism</h2>
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<p>So, to complete the argument, it needs to be argued that yellowness is neither (a), nor (b), nor (c). That is exactly what C. L. Hardin does. In the segment below we discuss his argument that it is neither (a) nor (b); in the next segment, we discuss his argument that yellowness is not (c).</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Hardin&rsquo;s Argument Against Objectivism</h3>
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Problem: hues
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<legend id="fd89437133324fa2a5637308c9846684_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to Hardin, the fact that the hues have a unique/binary structure is an objection to:</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">A Recap: Hardin's Argument Against Subjectivism</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Problem of Consciousness: Introducing Part 5</h2>
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<h1>The Problem of Consciousness</h1>
<p>We now start Part 5, the final part of <em>24.09x. </em>Part 5 concerns the <em>problem of consciousness</em>. What is that? By the end of this part of the lecture you should have a relatively good idea.</p>
<p>Our entry point is Nagel’s <span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">“What is it like to be a bat?”</span>, which reintroduced the problem of consciousness to modern English-speaking philosophy.</p>
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Problem: seeing red
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<p>In the relevant sense of the phrase <em>seeing red</em>, and to a first approximation, if Fatima sees red:</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Problem of Consciousness: The Relevant Sense of "Consciousness"</h2>
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Problem: consciousness in Nagel&#39;s sense
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<p>Which of these mental states are conscious in Nagel&#8217;s sense?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Problem of Consciousness: Some More Terminology</h2>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_377740de91424695a0a175cbd259547e_2_1[]" id="input_377740de91424695a0a175cbd259547e_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="377740de91424695a0a175cbd259547e_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_377740de91424695a0a175cbd259547e_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_377740de91424695a0a175cbd259547e_2_1"> hearing a bang and seeing yellow
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Problem of Consciousness: What is it Like to be a Bat?</h2>
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<p>So now we have some language to talk about consciousness. Just to be absolutely clear, let’s have an example of the kind of thing Nagel is talking about. The video below concerns the example Nagel himself gives: the point of view of a bat.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: What is it Like to be a Bat?</h3>
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<legend id="617930f2cc504ec193336baf8f967cc7_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The main point of the bat example is to illustrate:</legend>
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<p>In the next lecture, we will see Nagel’s argument that there cannot be a science of consciousness, and a yet more radical argument about the nature of consciousness. See you then!</p>
<p>(In the mean time, have another look at the <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/e44d6cf493b00fa4f8ad93c9cf163508/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/21_nagel_what_is_it_like_to_be_a_bat_.pdf" target="_blank">Nagel</a>, and also read Frank Jackson‘s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/fbbebd3e97e4a6807cfdce97f73a58f1/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/22_jackson_epiphenomenal_qualia.pdf" target="_blank">Epiphenomenal Qualia</a>”.)</p>
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