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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 3</h2>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">The reading for Lecture 3 is John Searle’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/894920e796501e08c6628331d21e651b/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/2_searle_minds_brains_and_programs.pdf" target="_blank">Minds, Brains, and Programs</a>”; I recommend you also look at the second and third parts of Ned Block’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/527c84abeb46068a76933e5aeb688070/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/4_block_mind_as_software_of_brain.pdf" target="_blank">The Mind as the Software of the Brain</a>”. When we get to arguments at the end, you will find the <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/235da70b4d9dbaf0f8a43ef0772a4811/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/2409x_guide_to_logic_and_argumentation.pdf" target="_blank">Guide to Logic and Argumentation</a> useful.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">We’ve seen Searle’s Chinese Room argument; the question now is, is it any good? To answer that question properly, we’ll need to learn a little about how arguments work in general; that will take up the last part of the lecture.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Here is the lecture map:</p>
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<li style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/69db55de8aee462ab333bb1c70e5eec7" target="_blank">Previously on 24.09…</a>: A quick recap of the story so far, for those who need it.</li>
<li style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Intentionality: In Searle’s 1980 paper, he uses the technical term “intentionality” all over the place. I explain what that’s all about in this part of the lecture.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/665a13968b584c609f5c1b82c29d1d29" target="_blank">What Is Intentionality?</a>: The terminology is quite misleading. Let me explain.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/4cb0946d52834608b3e6f2ae45ffb111" target="_blank">Searle’s Thesis in Intentionality Terms</a>: In which Searle’s original statement of his thesis, in terms of intentionality, is explained, and shown to be equivalent to our precisification. </li>
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<li style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Back to the Chinese Room Argument: Our old friend.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ecadd9ae94c942d1b68640ea9de783ed" target="_blank">The Argument Again</a>: A quick version of the Chinese Room argument, and the aforementioned Immediate Problem.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ac2c91869d2a4b8d9f121008e74d1606" target="_blank">Searle’s Reply</a>: In which Searle responds to our Immediate Problem, but seems to make another mistake in the process.</li>
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<li>Arguments in General: If we want to assess the Chinese Room argument properly, we’ll need to know some things about how arguments work in general.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/700a43760e5641fcb638f61607b3abb5" target="_blank">Introducing Arguments</a>: In which we’ll get clear on some terminology, and give a formal definition of an argument.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ed0c6cd8af0840f5978f615315d0eaf7" target="_blank">Validity and Soundness</a>: These are properties it is good for an argument to have. Learn what they are, and get some practice identifying whether an argument has them or not.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/5293ce266d2f40e88b5265d6f536bc14" target="_blank">Some More Examples</a>: Keep practicing! This is important.</li>
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<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 3 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/b9926ec4c725952bd864f1508afc5b3a/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_3_Slides.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Previously on 24.09x...</h2>
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<h1>Previously on 24.09x…</h1>
<p>The story so far, for those who’d like a quick summary.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Intentionality: What is Intentionality?</h2>
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<h1>Intentionality</h1>
<p>As you’ll have seen in the reading, Searle talks about “intentionality” a lot. That is a piece of technical philosophy jargon. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should know what it means, and see why it is relevant to Searle’s argument.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: What is Intentionality</h3>
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<p>Which of these best exemplify intentionality? Check all that apply.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Intentionality: Searle's Thesis in Intentionality Terms</h2>
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Problem: sufficient
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Back to the Chinese Room Argument: The Argument Again</h2>
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<h1>Back to the Chinese Room Argument</h1>
<p>First, a recap of the Chinese Room Argument, and the Immediate Problem with it. Then Searle’s Reply to that Immediate Problem. You should understand that reply, and some problems with it, by the end of this part of the lecture.</p>
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Problem: proponent
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<p>If you were a proponent of Strong AI, which of the following claims would you have to accept?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Back to the Chinese Room Argument: Searle's Reply</h2>
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<p>Note that there are two “replies” mentioned in the video below: Searle’s reply to the Immediate Problem, and a thing called the “Systems Reply”. The <span style="line-height: 25.6px;">“Systems Reply</span><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">” is Searle’s name for our Immediate Problem. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">The way to think of it is this: Searle gives the Chinese Room argument. We reply with the Immediate Problem, also called the “Systems Reply” (by Searle). Then Searle replies to our reply.</span></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Searle's Reply</h3>
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Problem: which principle
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<legend id="f107fea392ce4d438a131d9e019b7659_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Searle&#8217;s reply to the Immediate Problem appears to rely on which principle?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Arguments in General: Introducing Arguments</h2>
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<h1>Arguments in General</h1>
<p>To properly assess the Chinese Room Argument, and other arguments in the future, you’ll need to understand some things about arguments generally. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be comfortable with the terminology of “premise”, “conclusion”, “valid” and “sound”, and have a sense of how to tell when an argument is valid, and when it is sound.</p>
<p>The material in this part of the lecture is absolutely vital; we will rely on it throughout this course. Make sure you nail it!</p>
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Problem: an argument
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<p>Pick the best answer. An argument is:</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Arguments in General: Validity and Soundness</h2>
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Problem: terms
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Check the true options, understanding the terms &#8220;premise&#8221;, &#8220;valid&#8220;, and so on as explained in the lecture.</p>
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Problem: valid
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Select the valid arguments, interpreting the premises in the most natural way.</p>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_a202afee369d4aa8b22558d74040e3d4_2_1[]" id="input_a202afee369d4aa8b22558d74040e3d4_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="a202afee369d4aa8b22558d74040e3d4_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_a202afee369d4aa8b22558d74040e3d4_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a202afee369d4aa8b22558d74040e3d4_2_1"> (P1) The Queen of England lives in Peru. (P2) If the Queen of England lives in Peru, some squares are round. (C) No squares are circles.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Arguments In General: Some More Examples</h2>
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Problem: valid II
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<p>Which arguments are valid?</p>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5b03c4cd9c384c7fb2f1ea713826c4b4_2_1[]" id="input_5b03c4cd9c384c7fb2f1ea713826c4b4_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="5b03c4cd9c384c7fb2f1ea713826c4b4_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_5b03c4cd9c384c7fb2f1ea713826c4b4_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5b03c4cd9c384c7fb2f1ea713826c4b4_2_1"> (P1) <a href="http://www.oliversacks.com">Oliver Sacks</a> is the author of &#8220;Hallucinations&#8221;. (P2) Many authors love books. (C) Oliver Sacks loves books.
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<p>That’s it for Lecture 3. See you next week in Lecture 4, where we’ll analyse Searle’s argument carefully, see some objections to it (including one due to Paul and Patricia Churchland), extract a yet better argument, and attempt to draw some morals.</p>
<p>The reading for Lecture 4 is the Churchlands’ response to Searle, “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/ea61e8eefb819ecbee7db312800619a1/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/3_churchlands_could_a_machine_think_.pdf" target="_blank">Could a Machine Think?</a>” . Don’t forget the <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/235da70b4d9dbaf0f8a43ef0772a4811/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/2409x_guide_to_logic_and_argumentation.pdf" target="_blank">Guide to Logic and Argumentation</a>. And you will find the <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/1567893d08b2f45bb38db83c3c83df6e/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/2409xGlossary.pdf" target="_blank">Glossary</a> increasingly useful from now on.</p>
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