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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 6</h2>
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<p>In our final lecture on Minds and Computers, we discuss the Turing test. You should have read part I of Ned Block’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/527c84abeb46068a76933e5aeb688070/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/4_block_mind_as_software_of_brain.pdf" target="_blank">The Mind as the Software of the Brain</a>”. </p>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/54c38118011b4f7f95f9c2d8e28ce18a" target="_blank">Previously on 24.09x…</a>: A recap of the real, live Turing test of last lecture.</li>
<li>Turing on the Question: In the paper in which Turing introduces his test, he tells us that the question being considered, is “Can machines think?” So far so good. Then Turing has some odd (but instructive) things to say about that question…</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/59018c0f51f54d7daf7bcc56328b8656" target="_blank">Oddity One: The Gallup Poll</a>: It is absurd to take an opinion poll to answer the Question, but what does that show?</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/c2a770ccfb69490c97a3e79f5e7def2e" target="_blank">Oddity Two: A Bit of an Overreaction</a>: Though Turing begins with the question “Can machines think?”, he later goes on to say that it is too meaningless to deserve discussion. That’s a little too much.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/9516cda632124646b9dcbae906899d12" target="_blank">The Turing Test</a>: Finally here is the test, as Alan Turing described it.</li>
<li>The Point of the Turing Test: We’re replacing the question “Can machines think?” with <span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">“Can a Turing Machine pass the Turing test?</span><span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">” Why exactly are we doing that, again?</span></li>
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<li><a href="c708583c1a59457a90b8d91dd7683761" target="_blank">Block on the Turing test</a>: Philosopher Ned Block’s explanation: it’s an attempt at <em>conceptual clarification</em>.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/d5a0ff740cb3408db1f15f2c6fd14bfb" target="_blank">Compare and Contrast</a>: So, does Turing’s proposal achieve conceptual clarification? To find out, compare and contrast with Turing’s conceptual clarification of the question “Is function <em>f</em> computable?” with “Is function <em>f</em> computable by a Turing Machine?”.</li>
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<li>What is the Relationship Between Strong AI and the Turing test? A good question.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/10dc54e7127145c2a49c1695ce9b3ecf" target="_blank">A Thesis Called <em><em style="color: #3c3c3c;"><span style="font-style: normal;">“</span></em>Turing Test</em></a>”: Let <em><span style="font-style: normal;"><em>T</em></span>uring Test</em> be the thesis that, necessarily, a machine that passes the right Turing test can think (/understand Chinese/believes it’s raining/whatever). That thesis should strike you as fishy. But anyway, now we can ask…</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f1123c960824441ebe0fee4c7344ba95" target="_blank">Does Strong AI Imply <em>Turing Test</em>?</a> What do you think?</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/19274dffd8434368b31d2079466d3ad8" target="_blank">Does <em>Turing Test</em> Imply Strong AI?</a> The answer is not obvious.</li>
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<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ca50e8851ded4774a88cde244738848c" target="_blank">Block’s Verdict</a>: Block takes the considerations we just used to show that <em>Turing Test</em><span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;"> implies </span>Strong AI to also show that <em>Turing Test</em> is false. He seems to be right. We draw a lesson.</li>
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<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 6 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/49cca30350d8e04a3fe82746210513fd/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_6_Slides.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Previously on 24.09x...</h2>
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<h1>Previously on 24.09x…</h1>
<p>A recap of the real, live Turing Test from the previous lecture.</p>
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<p>The winner of the 2014 Loebner Prize was Rose, by Bruce Wilcox. You can chat to her <a href="http://brilligunderstanding.com/rosedemo.html">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Turing on the Question: One Oddity</h2>
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<h1>Turing on the Question</h1>
<p>Turing begins the reading for this lecture by telling us that he “proposes to consider the question ‘Can machines think?’”. But he then has some things to say about that question which are puzzling – it is instructive to examine them.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Oddity One: The Gallup Poll</h3>
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Problem: culinary analogy
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<legend id="1f9b3b26017a44a0ac049dba170a5d76_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The following is a crucial feature of the culinary analogy:</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Turing on the Question: Another Oddity</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Another Oddity: A Bit of an Over-Reaction</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Turing Test</h2>
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<h1>The Turing Test</h1>
<p>Finally, here is the Turing Test, as Turing himself described it. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be able to describe the Test. You should also know what parameters need to be fixed to get a particular version of the Test that we could actually run.</p>
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<p>Which is <em>not</em> a free parameter in the Turing Test?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Point of the Turing Test: Block on the Test</h2>
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<h1>The Point of the Turing Test</h1>
<p>According to Ned Block, Turing proposed that we replace the concept of being intelligent with the concept of passing the Turing Test. But what is the point of that supposed to be? In this segment we see Block’s answer.</p>
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Problem: vagueness
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<p>Many words are <em>vague</em>, in the sense that they have <em>borderline cases</em>, cases where the word neither clearly applies nor clearly fails to apply. For example, &#8220;red&#8221; is vague, because there are objects that are neither clearly red nor clearly not-red.</p>
<p>To see this, consider a series of colored tiles running from clearly red ones at the left to clearly orange ones at the right, with adjacent tiles being very similar in color:</p>
<img src="/assets/courseware/v1/000808b073d741f379617a9918c7d955/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/red-to-orange.gif" alt="A series of colored tiles running from clearly red ones at the left to clearly orange ones at the right, with adjacent tiles being very similar in color"/>
<p> Some of the tiles in the middle are borderline cases of &#8220;red&#8221;. </p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_fdb6f9d18f5e4b58925783e35fed70a4_2_1">
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<legend id="fdb6f9d18f5e4b58925783e35fed70a4_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following are vague?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_fdb6f9d18f5e4b58925783e35fed70a4_2_1[]" id="input_fdb6f9d18f5e4b58925783e35fed70a4_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="fdb6f9d18f5e4b58925783e35fed70a4_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_fdb6f9d18f5e4b58925783e35fed70a4_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_fdb6f9d18f5e4b58925783e35fed70a4_2_1"> &#8220;even number&#8221;
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Point of the Turing Test: Compare and Contrast</h2>
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Problem: dolphins and chimps
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Relationship Between Strong AI and the Turing Test: A Thesis Called "Turing Test"</h2>
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<h1>What is the Relationship Between Strong AI<em><strong> </strong></em>and the Turing Test?</h1>
<p>If Strong AI is true,<em> </em>what follows about the<span style="line-height: 1.6;"> Turing test</span><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">? If, necessarily, a machine that passes the Turing test is a thinker, what follows about </span>Strong AI<span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">? By the end of this part of the lecture, you should know the answer to these questions.</span></p>
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<p>Before we can ask about the precise relationship between Strong AI and the Turing test, we need to state a particular thesis concerning the Turing test, which we will do in the video below. We want to know the logical relationship between this thesis and the thesis of Strong AI.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: A Thesis Called "Turing Test"</h3>
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<p>Incidentally, you should find <em>Turing Test</em> a little fishy. It seems to be making a conflation…</p>
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Problem: the imitation game
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<p> The point of the analogy about being a woman is:</p>
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<input type="radio" name="input_6d715ff3a80a44ba89c8e8907f19d0e3_2_1" id="input_6d715ff3a80a44ba89c8e8907f19d0e3_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="6d715ff3a80a44ba89c8e8907f19d0e3_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_6d715ff3a80a44ba89c8e8907f19d0e3_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6d715ff3a80a44ba89c8e8907f19d0e3_2_1"> The Turing test would not work well when applied as a test for gender.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Relationship between Strong AI and the Turing Test: Does Strong AI Imply Turing Test?</h2>
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<p>Now we have two theses on the table: Strong AI and <em>Turing Test</em>. So does one imply the other? We’ll see, in the next two videos.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Does Strong AI Imply Turing Test?</h3>
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<p>Which of the following is a good reason to think that Strong AI does <em>not</em> entail <i>Turing Test</i>?</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_c067f6e73b8b40b1bbe15ddbb20e3624_2_1">
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<input type="radio" name="input_c067f6e73b8b40b1bbe15ddbb20e3624_2_1" id="input_c067f6e73b8b40b1bbe15ddbb20e3624_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="c067f6e73b8b40b1bbe15ddbb20e3624_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_c067f6e73b8b40b1bbe15ddbb20e3624_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c067f6e73b8b40b1bbe15ddbb20e3624_2_1"> An entity running a computer program could pass the Turing test while not being intelligent.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Relationship Between Strong AI and Turing Test: Does Turing Test Imply Strong AI?</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Does Turing Test Imply Strong AI?</h3>
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Problem: Aunt Bubbles
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<p>The Aunt Bubbles example shows that:</p>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2899482438414bde949713bd4a4b964b_2_1" id="input_2899482438414bde949713bd4a4b964b_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="2899482438414bde949713bd4a4b964b_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_2899482438414bde949713bd4a4b964b_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2899482438414bde949713bd4a4b964b_2_1"> <i>Turing Test</i> does not imply Strong AI.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Block's Verdict</h2>
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<h1>Block’s Verdict</h1>
<p>We just saw that <em>Turing Test</em> implies Strong AI because, given any Turing test, a giant look-up table of a certain kind will enable a computer to pass it. Ned Block thinks this fact, that passing any Turing test just requires a look-up table, shows that <em>Turing Test</em> is false. You should understand why by the end of the segment. Is Block right?</p>
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<p>Just to emphasize the (apparent) lesson again: thinking is not just a matter of <em>what</em> one computes; it is also a matter of <em>how</em> one computes it. Does that seem plausible?</p>
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<p>True or false: Block thinks the Aunt Bubbles case seriously undermines both <i>Turing Test</i> and Strong AI.</p>
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<p>For those of you who want to learn more about the Turing test (and Alan Turing), there's plenty of fascinating material <a href="http://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/test.html">here</a>. But that’s it for Part I, Minds and Computers, although many related issues will come up in what follows. </p>
<p>In the next lecture, we begin Part 2: Theories of the Mind. The reading jumps back three centuries to 1641: René Descartes’ “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/5348e3373322460a5c3e70280ba55237/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/6_descartes_meditation_II.pdf">Second Meditation</a>”. <span style="font-size: 1em;">According to Descartes’ <em>dualism</em></span><span style="font-size: 1em;">, you are not a physical animal, but a non-physical thing—an immaterial soul, if you will. See you then! (Well, if dualism is true, I can’t strictly speaking </span><em style="font-size: 1em;">see</em><span style="font-size: 1em;"> you...)</span></p>
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