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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 17</h2>
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<p>In Lecture 17 we finish our discussion of the externality of belief, and with that we finish Part 3. Let’s get to it!</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/d126bfb9d4cf40a3b70fa2a6703693d9" target="_blank">“Methodological Solipsism”</a>: A note on the Hilary Putnam reading: Putnam is using “methodological solipsism” to mean “internalism”.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/a6c870630b9b42029339283bbada2146" target="_blank">An Argument for Internalism</a>: Maybe you’re convinced that externalism is right. However, the issue <em>is </em>controversial, and not obvious. So let me show you an argument for internalism, to give you some idea of how non-obvious the issue is.</li>
<li>Three Cases supporting Externalism: Let’s review them. We’ll address a few points students typically find confusing.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ee394fd7a6934109aa415579900208f1" target="_blank">Case 1: Cambridge and Twin Cambridge</a>: A case involving particulars.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/dbf590eb0fc94348853361774257e54f" target="_blank">Case 2: H<sub>2</sub>O and XYZ</a>: A case involving kinds.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/6b90ab2a348d4770be4df100cf9891d8" target="_blank">Case 3: English Community and Twenglish Community</a>: A case involving language communities.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/2beb0a6eba624a9aa365cac313230b4b" target="_blank" style="line-height: 1.6;">The Generalizability of Each Case</a><span style="line-height: 1.6;">: The different cases are generalizable in different ways. Case 3 is particularly generalizable; it can be made to work for pretty much any belief. We see an example.</span></li>
<li>The Needed Assumptions: What exactly do we need to assume for externalism to follow from these cases? It depends on the kind of case…</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/b9ac36a8148f4cf08a4c1d23231b5491" target="_blank">Cases of Type 1</a>: The assumptions needed are very minimal.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/3d16dda09db944cead216fe67be4eca1" target="_blank">Cases of Type 2</a>: You need to assume a bit more than for cases of Type 1, but not a lot more.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/fc2fef2dc37d476e89aa8e3ceddd9e6e" target="_blank">The Role of Language</a>: We can now get clear on something that might, at first, be confusing: what role does language play in these externalist cases? Answer: basically nothing in cases of Type 1, maybe nothing in cases of Type 2, but language is essential to cases of Type 3.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/292b6828356449b7b05a436958da595f" target="_blank">Cases of Type 3</a>: You need to assume some things about the connection between language and thought for cases of Type 3.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 17 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/9e79961f98f7bee98307d36a090fa3fb/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_17_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Methodological Solipsism</h2>
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<h1>“Methodological Solipsism”</h1>
<p>You may have noticed that in the reading for this lecture, Hilary Putnam uses the memorable phrase “methodological solipsism” for a certain thesis. That thesis is none other than internalism. We go over some details below.</p>
<p></p>
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<p>Methodological solipsism implies&#8230;?</p>
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<input type="radio" name="input_8939b1bef5344be68495bafad81daa26_2_1" id="input_8939b1bef5344be68495bafad81daa26_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="8939b1bef5344be68495bafad81daa26_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_8939b1bef5344be68495bafad81daa26_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_8939b1bef5344be68495bafad81daa26_2_1"> <em>Believing that some individual or other is jealous of you</em> is not strictly speaking a mental state.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">An Argument for Internalism</h2>
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<h1>An Argument for Internalism</h1>
<p>Usually, when I present externalism, the students are very resistant, and I spend all my time trying to convince them that the argument for externalism is actually very good. But this time, many were convinced very quickly. (Maybe I'm getting more persuasive!) So, to be fair, I thought I’d show you an argument on the other side, for internalism. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should understand that argument.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2"> Video: An Argument for Internalism</h3>
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Problem: a false prediction
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<legend id="f02088e576e64ab29c00d7c6c52d0549_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The internalist thinks externalism is false because it makes a false prediction. What is that prediction?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Cases for Externalism: Case 1: Cambridge and Twin Cambridge</h2>
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<h1>The Cases for Externalism</h1>
<p>There were, you will recall, three such cases in the last lecture. Let us review them. In the process, we will clarify a few points that you might have been confused about. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should have the cases clear in your head, and understand why, if they work, they show that externalism about (at least some) beliefs is true.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Case 1: Cambridge and Twin Cambridge</h3>
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<p>Twin-Nilanjan, who lives in Twin-Cambridge, says &#8220;It&#8217;s raining in Cambridge&#8221;. In fact, it is not raining in Twin-Cambridge. It is Fall in Twin-Cambridge, though.</p>
<p>What belief does Twin-Nilanjan express by saying &#8220;It&#8217;s raining in Cambridge&#8221;?</p>
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<p>Oscar 2 (of Twin Earth) says, &#8220;Water does not contain hydrogen&#8221;. Is what he&#8217;s saying correct?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Cases for Externalism: Case 3: English Community and Twenglish Community</h2>
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Problem: linguistic practice
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<legend id="95ac043d27dc4977874fba68911fa1fc_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to the externalist, if our linguistic practices were different, arthritis could be had in the thigh.</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Generalizability of Each Case</h2>
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<h1>The Generalizability of Each Case</h1>
<p>The three particular cases exemplify three different <em>kinds</em> of case. Each kind of case targets a different set of beliefs—that is, if cases of that kind work, then they show that a certain corresponding kind of belief is extrinsic.</p>
<p>The most generalizable kind of case are Type III cases. If they work, they work for pretty much any belief at all. We go through a random example, to show you how to construct a Type III case for an arbitrary belief.</p>
<p>By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be clear on what kinds of beliefs are targeted by each kind of case, and be able to construct instances of your own.</p>
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<p>Jen speaks Twonglish. In Twonglish &#8220;sofa&#8221; applies not only to sofas, but also to over-stuffed armchairs. Imagine I send an over-stuffed armchair to Jen as a gift. She replies &#8220;Thanks so much for the lovely sofa!&#8221;</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Needed Assumptions: Cases of Type I</h2>
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<h1>The Needed Assumptions</h1>
<p>What assumptions are needed to conclude from the given examples that externalism about belief is true? It depends on which type of case we are talking about. In this part of the lecture, we go through the needed assumptions for each type of case. You should be clear on what those assumptions are, and how they differ with each case, by the end of this part of the lecture.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Needed Assumptions: Cases of Type II</h2>
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<p>How generally true is the third, less obvious assumption? Putnam thinks it is true <em>very</em> generally. Below is an example of Putnam’s aimed at showing that. Have a look and see what you think.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Pencils</h3>
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Problem: human table
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<p>Four people can intertwine their bodies to form something that <a href="https://youtu.be/-ZJxw_kjZoo">could be used as a table</a>. Imagine that on the distant planet Mesa this is the standard way of forming a flat surface on which to eat dinner. Specially trained groups of four contortionists employed by furniture companies go to to people&#8217;s houses when the need for such a flat surface arises. The inhabitants of Mesa call the objects formed by the contortionist quartets &#8220;tables&#8221;.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Needed Assumptions: The Role of Language</h2>
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<p>Having listed the needed assumptions for cases of Types I and II, we are in a position to clarify something that might be confusing you: what, exactly, is the role of language in these cases? See the video below to find out.</p>
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Problem: language
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<p>Language is essential for which kinds of examples?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Needed Assumptions: Cases of Type III</h2>
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Problem: an assumption
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<p>Suppose we tried to run a Type III example with the word &#8220;potato&#8221;. Which of these would we need to assume?</p>
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<input type="radio" name="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1" id="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1"> If someone understands &#8220;potato&#8221;, she cannot misapply it.
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<input type="radio" name="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1" id="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1"> Someone can only have beliefs about potatoes if she understands &#8220;potato&#8221;, with its standard meaning in English.
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<input type="radio" name="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1" id="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_66a9a661b36c44039e0e368e506e3e28_2_1"> A community could use the word &#8220;potato&#8221; with a slightly different meaning&#8212;so, for example, in their mouths, &#8220;potato&#8221; applies not just to potatoes but also to sunchokes.
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<p>That ends our discussion of externalism about belief. We will briefly discuss the question of externalism versus internalism about perception in the next lecture, and then segue into Part 4 of this course, which will be on perception more generally. See you in lecture!</p>
<p>In the mean time, here is Tim Crane and Craig French's “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/ef86eaaec15eb1dceb45edb5e0c3f5b1/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/18_crane_french_problem_of_perception.pdf" target="_blank">The Problem of Perception</a>”, from the <em>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</em>.</p>
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