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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 15</h2>
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<p>Before getting to Part 3, there's a bonus Explainer on Kripke's objection to the identity theory, at the bottom of this page. More Explainers to come. And now...</p>
<p>Welcome to Part 3! The reading for Lecture 15 is Timothy Williamson’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/db1701c911bc4c36c75fd8657bcfd8c2/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/15_williamson_knowledge_and_belief.pdf" target="_blank">Knowledge and Belief</a>”.</p>
<p>This part of the course is about how much of our mental lives depends just on what is going on in our brains, and how much depends on what is going on in our environment. That might seem like a strange topic; if physicalism is true, <em>of course</em> your mental life depends just on what is going on in your brain. Right? Two identical brains have identical minds, don’t they?</p>
<p>As we'll see, maybe not.</p>
<p>This stuff can be a bit tricky, so let's start gently, with an example of a mental state that <em>obviously</em> doesn’t depend just on what is going on in your brain: knowing. That’s the main topic of this lecture. We will move on to more controversial cases next time.</p>
<p>Here’s the map of Lecture 15.</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/1f87ddc09c78454ca36108be88d532c6" target="_blank">Recap of Part 2</a>: A summary of the topics covered in Part 2, to help entrench its lessons.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/918e118a81ab48dea6041b6d6e2f6515" target="_blank">Introducing Part 3: Minds and Brains</a>: An introduction to the topic of Part 3, by way of Strongish AI — a thesis we mentioned back in Part 1.</li>
<li>Internalism: A more precise way to put the topic of Part 3: is <em>internalism</em> true? What is internalism? Let me explain.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/dfa3318ea7c443a285bfa3b7e3f33677" target="_blank">Duplication</a>: On the notion of a perfect duplicate.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/7bea61aff05b42f09f4de2c12f0e8128" target="_blank">Extrinsic and Intrinsic Properties</a>: On a distinction between different kinds of properties—a distinction that can be defined in terms of perfect duplicates.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/eb29a196ba2142b3ade6fffd5475442d" target="_blank">Internalism Stated</a>: Internalism about the mind stated, using the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 1.6;">Knowledge: You can be an internalist or an externalist about different mental states. One state that nobody is an internalist about is <em>knowing</em>. (We should note that some philosophers deny that knowing is a mental state at all, but let's put this complication aside until the next lecture.) </span>It will be helpful, when discussing more controversial cases, to have this clear, uncontroversial case in mind. So let’s talk about it.</li>
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<ul>
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<li><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/b750bc44282d4d42809f56b2fbe6ffa7" target="_blank">Factual Knowledge Distinguished From Other Kinds</a>: Just to keep things simple, we are going to discuss a particular kind of knowledge: <em>factual knowledge</em>. Learn what that is here.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/894ec449cf734fa58f7be18194a1de31" target="_blank">Knowledge is Important</a>: It can save your life.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/5e82b296888c4573800dac70b20111de" target="_blank">Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Knowledge</a>: Can we list necessary and sufficient conditions for knowing something in other terms?</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/39652e3c5683449d84820b543c400d28" target="_blank">Knowledge is Extrinsic</a>: In which the extrinsicness of knowledge is demonstrated.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 15 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/49cea614662a7947e3665af191a1b2e8/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_15_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Explainer: Kripke's objection to the identity theory</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Recap of Part 2</h2>
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<h1>Recap of Part 2</h1>
<p>We covered a lot in Part 2. Here is a quick recap to make sure you’ve got it down.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introducing Part 3: Minds and Brains</h2>
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<h1>Introducing Part 3: Minds and Brains</h1>
<p>Our discussion of Strongish AI, back in Part 1, raises a question. The same question arises for functionalists. It is: to what extent is our mental life determined solely by what is happening in our brains? By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be a little clearer on that question.</p>
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Problem: deep space computer
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<legend id="565269833031499babf1bdbd2dce8214_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to the functionalist, a computer that is forever floating in deep space could have beliefs about Rafael Reif if:</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Internalism: Duplication</h2>
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<h1>Internalism</h1>
<p>We can put our question more precisely by explaining a view in the philosophy of mind known as <em>internalism</em>. We will work our way towards defining that view in this part of the lecture; we will go by way of perfect duplicates, and intrinsic properties. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should be clear on what, exactly, internalism is.</p>
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Problem: is a perfect duplicate of
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<p>True or false: The relation <em>is a perfect duplicate of</em> is an equivalence relation.</p>
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Problem: father
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<p>Which one of the following shows that the property of being a father, or <em>fatherhood</em>, is extrinsic?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Internalism: Internalism Stated</h2>
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Problem: internalism
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<legend id="7764d505ff3d4d40a640c546af9594c8_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to internalism about mental properties of kind K</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge: Factual Knowledge Distinguished from Other Kinds</h2>
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<h1>Knowledge</h1>
<p>Arguing about whether internalism is true or not, for a given kind of mental state, can be tricky. To help you get used to it, we will start with a clear-cut case of a mental state for which internalism is false (i.e., for which <em>externalism</em> is true). That clear-cut case is <em>knowing</em>.</p>
<p>We will discuss knowledge for the rest of the lecture. By the end you should understand why externalism about knowledge is true.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Knowledge: Factual Knowledge Distinguished from Other Kinds</h3>
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Problem: factual knowledge
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<legend id="7ce1eb923b574104be3f399d0c6d97b3_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following is not a case of factual knowledge?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge: Knowledge is Important</h2>
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Problem: knowledge is important
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<p>What is <i>not</i> a reason why knowledge is important?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Knowledge</h2>
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<p>While we’re discussing knowledge, here is an aside, on whether we can analyze knowledge in other terms. We don’t strictly need to talk about this now, but it will be useful for things we talk about in the next lecture.</p>
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Problem: the students&#39; belief
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<p>The students&#8217; belief that Prof. Byrne was in Germany last summer was</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge: Knowledge is Extrinsic</h2>
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<p>Back to the main question at hand: is <em>knowing p</em> intrinsic? The answer is no; you’ll see why below.</p>
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Problem: the extrinsicness of knowledge
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<legend id="e88df21dbf28442f9177871ea5575bec_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The illustration of the extrinsicness of knowledge depends on which property of knowledge?</legend>
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<p>We're not quite done with knowledge; however, the main question of the next lecture is much more controversial: is internalism true about <em>beliefs</em>? Come to the next lecture to find out!</p>
<p>(The readings for next lecture are two classics: Hilary Putnam’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/a96487011e62ca26f1685f7a5f0565b9/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/16_putnam_meaning_of__meaning_.pdf" target="_blank">The Meaning of ‘Meaning’</a>”, and Tyler Burge’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/32c8bd7efaad136c5179bc2457111596/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/17_burge_individualism_and_the_mental.pdf" target="_blank">Individualism and the Mental</a>”.)</p>
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