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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 16</h2>
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<p>We’ve seen that <em>knowing p</em> is an extrinsic state or property. Externalism (as we have defined it) about knowledge only follows if knowing is a mental state. We will discuss that a bit here. But the main issue in this lecture is whether externalism is true about <em>belief</em>.</p>
<p>You should keep in mind the Williamson reading from last time, and read two more classic papers for this lecture: Hilary Putnam’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/a96487011e62ca26f1685f7a5f0565b9/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/16_putnam_meaning_of__meaning_.pdf" target="_blank">The Meaning of ‘Meaning’</a>” and Tyler Burge’s “<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/32c8bd7efaad136c5179bc2457111596/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/17_burge_individualism_and_the_mental.pdf" target="_blank">Individualism and the Mental</a>”</p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/1e115c9536244fbdbeda4b762d0a0e68" target="_blank">Previously on <em>24.09x</em></a>: Internalism and Externalism: In which we quickly define the key terms of Part 3 one more time.</li>
<li>Knowledge and Internalism: <em>knowing that snow is white </em>(for example) is clearly an extrinsic property. But that doesn’t mean an internalist has nothing to say about it.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/6c2d02ac4b8f4c7a9883888166e307e0" target="_blank">Gettier Cases</a>: We recall a lesson from last time concerning necessary and sufficient conditions for knowing something.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f517be625e9b4127857848e3cbb9cc9e" target="_blank">Knowing is Extrinsic</a>: We use another example to quickly demonstrate that, indeed, knowledge is extrinsic.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/615fd76a27eb4740abbbe765f04a2615" target="_blank">Is Knowing a Mental State?</a> An internalist might say no.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/2f881b135bde43ce8c2f1b4236c46322" target="_blank">Mysterious Property <em>X</em></a>: If the internalist view is correct, then we should be able to find mysterious property <em>X</em>. But that turns out to be very hard to do.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Belief: Enough about knowledge; what about belief? Here are three cases that aim to show that belief is extrinsic too.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/f090af07ef5849e89f8999ffb86861aa" target="_blank">Case One: Fall in Cambridge</a>: Here’s the story of Nilanjan looking at a tree…</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/67278f72aa9c4133a7529099927b4289" target="_blank">Case Two: Twin Earth</a>: Here’s the story of a planet far, far away… </li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/e02227e753b5488d9abddf3a97364288" target="_blank">Case Three: Tharthritis:</a> Here’s the story of a person who didn’t know everything about arthritis…</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 16 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/6aa9b30bb29b1afd1fa9fbe035fea922/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_16_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Previously on 24.09x: Internalism and Externalism</h2>
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<h1>Previously on <em>24.09x</em>: Internalism and Externalism</h1>
<p>Need a reminder of what, exactly, internalism and externalism are? You can have one, below. You need to understand these terms to understand everything in Part 3, so be sure you do before you move on.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Previously on 24.09x: Internalism and Externalism</h3>
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Problem: extrinsic properties
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_7e8cc2a13191479ca4483da0f77f455a_2_1">
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<legend id="7e8cc2a13191479ca4483da0f77f455a_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following properties are (uncontroversially) extrinsic?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_7e8cc2a13191479ca4483da0f77f455a_2_1[]" id="input_7e8cc2a13191479ca4483da0f77f455a_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="7e8cc2a13191479ca4483da0f77f455a_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_7e8cc2a13191479ca4483da0f77f455a_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_7e8cc2a13191479ca4483da0f77f455a_2_1"> being a square
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge and Internalism: Gettier Cases</h2>
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<h1>Knowledge and Internalism</h1>
<p>The argument that knowledge is extrinsic is pretty conclusive. But a hard-core internalist has a retort: perhaps knowing is not, properly speaking, a mental state, so the extrinsicness of knowledge doesn't refute the claim that all mental states are intrinsic. We will discuss this internalist retort in this part of the lecture; you should understand it in detail by the end.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Gettier Cases</h3>
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<p><a href="http://fitelson.org/proseminar/gettier.pdf" target="_blank">Here is a link</a> to Edmund Gettier’s paper, mentioned above.</p>
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Problem: Gettier
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<legend id="ca18954f2f124ca09a5b125552f255fd_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The stopped clock is a counterexample to what?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge and Internalism: Knowing is Extrinsic</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge and Internalism: Is Knowing A Mental State?</h2>
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Problem: mixture
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<legend id="ed59bf64a4544c608568942353c2015e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">One of these is a mixture or conjunction of a mental condition with a non-mental condition. Which one?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Knowledge and Internalism: Mysterious Property X</h2>
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Problem: no obvious reason
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<legend id="c6f33d4c22854ff3b9a2cbedd684eedc_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to Prof. Byrne, there is no obvious reason to deny that knowing is a mental state because:</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Belief: Case One: Fall in Cambridge</h2>
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<h1>Belief</h1>
<p>Now for the really exciting part: the argument that it’s not only knowledge that is extrinsic, but belief is too! Here are three cases that seem to show that belief is extrinsic. We will discuss whether they in fact show that in the next lecture; for now, just make sure you have the details of the cases right.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: Case One: Fall in Cambridge</h3>
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Problem: Twin Cambridge
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<p>Cambridge is, of course, on the planet Earth. Twin Cambridge, suppose, is on an different planet, Twin Earth. The inhabitants of Twin Earth have powerful telescopes through which they can glimpse Earth, a planet which they call &#8220;Vulcan&#8221;.</p>
<p>Suppose that Samantha, an inhabitant of Twin Earth, says &#8220;Cambridge is on Vulcan&#8221;. Does she speak truly?</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Belief: Case Two: Twin Earth</h2>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Belief: Case Three: Tharthritis</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_93730d4e8f6d4189b4754e240c89db96">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
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<div class="wrapper-download-transcripts">
<h4 class="hd hd-5">Transcripts</h4>
<ul class="list-download-transcripts">
<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@93730d4e8f6d4189b4754e240c89db96/handler/transcript/download" data-value="srt">Download SubRip (.srt) file</a>
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<li class="transcript-option">
<a class="btn btn-link" href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@video+block@93730d4e8f6d4189b4754e240c89db96/handler/transcript/download" data-value="txt">Download Text (.txt) file</a>
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Problem: arthritis
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1">
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<legend id="908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">In the counterfactual situation, Alfred:</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1" id="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1"> uses the word &#8220;arthritis&#8221; with the meaning it has in English
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<input type="radio" name="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1" id="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1"> speaks falsely when he says &#8220;I have arthritis in my thigh&#8221;
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<input type="radio" name="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1" id="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1"> has tharthritis in his thigh
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<span class="status unanswered" id="status_908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
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<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
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tabindex="-1">
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<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="908c76d402b34d8b851ef838fa9b6040-problem-title">None
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<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
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"
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<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
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<p>Well, what do you think? Are these examples convincing? Ponder it before the next lecture, when we will assess these examples in more detail. See you then!</p>
<p>(No extra readings for Lecture 17, so relax!)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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