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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Map of Lecture 9</h2>
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<p>In Lecture 9, we discuss behaviorism, the first in a series of physicalist alternatives to dualism that were conceived in the 20th Century. We do so through the work of Gilbert Ryle, who was perhaps the most influential exponent of behaviorism. Reading:<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> “</span><a href="https://studio.edx.org/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2015+type@asset+block/9_ryle_descartes__myth.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none;">Descartes’ Myth</a><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">”</span><span style="font-size: 1em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">. </span><span style="font-size: 1em;">Enjoy!</span></p>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Some Loose Ends: Before the main event, there are a few things from last lecture that I think could use some elaboration…</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/0a81718825de4086965e3f2b23342fb5" target="_blank">Loose End One: Metaphysical Necessity</a>: Does metaphysical necessity seem like a strange idea to you? It’s actually much more familiar than you might realise.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/25d10809ed54449191347d7fac2208db" target="_blank">Loose End Two: Problems for Dualism</a>: A recap of the classic problems, including a bit more detail on the second, which is particularly relevant to this lecture.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Ryle on Descartes: Now to Ryle. We start with his criticism of Descartes.</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/a4959586413b422b857c28ba8b43f5c9" target="_blank">The Ghost in the Machine</a>: In which Ryle presses the second of the classic problems with characteristic eloquence.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/531d6bd17b534004b0148f7e72a75ccc" target="_blank">Dualism as Category Mistake?</a> Ryle, famously, thinks the <em>main</em> problem with dualism is something else: that it is a <em>category mistake</em>. But it’s not totally clear what that means…</li>
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</ul>
<li>Behaviorism: If dualism is so bad, what’s better? Our first answer: <em>behaviorism</em>.</li>
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<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/4750a6e7d1c24c178f0a110fbc14cf92" target="_blank">Introducing Behaviorism</a>: It used to be a popular view in both psychology and philosophy…</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/ce7b73bb465b4e0bb967af02ae49fd8b" target="_blank">Behaviorism Stated: First Pass</a>: Our first attempt to state the view precisely. It seems to have some problems…</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/31a860ba237e46118573b1d354c9fbf8" target="_blank">Behaviorism Stated: A Second Attempt</a>: A second attempt, which avoids the problems of the first.</li>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/324aec3052d542768760f4bcca0f6ad4" target="_blank">Why it Still Doesn’t Work</a>: There is, it turns out, another, really fundamental problem.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="/courses/course-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019/jump_to_id/5771a18107e84aeb8b67810dcea97078" target="_blank">More Problems for Behaviorism</a>: We’ve seen one serious problem for behaviorism, but there are lots…</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>You can download the Lecture 9 slides <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/bb8e9a2c1333dee22655d8c774d6f71b/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/24.09x_Lecture_9_Slides.key.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Some Loose Ends: Metaphysical Necessity</h2>
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<h1>Some Loose Ends</h1>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">There are a few points from the last lecture that I think are worth recapping; I do so in this part of the lecture. Hopefully, by the end of this section, you’ll be even more comfortable with both metaphysical necessity and with the classic problems for dualism.</p>
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<legend id="5e857d0ec8c341b18d8e8e2e36743a65_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following includes a statement that is nomologically possible followed by a statement that is metaphysically impossible?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Some Loose Ends: Problems for Dualism</h2>
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Problem: other minds
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<legend id="f7f79840a53b45af84e471d3c7dfccb6_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to Ryle, the problem of other minds is particularly difficult for the Cartesian dualist because</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_f7f79840a53b45af84e471d3c7dfccb6_2_1" id="input_f7f79840a53b45af84e471d3c7dfccb6_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="f7f79840a53b45af84e471d3c7dfccb6_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_f7f79840a53b45af84e471d3c7dfccb6_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f7f79840a53b45af84e471d3c7dfccb6_2_1"> No one can observe the immaterial soul of another.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Ryle on Descartes: The Ghost in the Machine</h2>
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<h1>Ryle on Descartes</h1>
<p>Gilbert Ryle is a British philosopher from the early part of the twentieth century. He wrote an influential and extremely eloquent book called <i>The Concept of Mind</i> in which he criticises Descartes and dualism, and expounds his own behaviourist view. By the end of this part of the lecture, you should know what Ryle’s main complaints with Cartesian dualism are.</p>
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Problem: the Cartesian view
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<legend id="d499ac288838420693d4478becddf142_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Ryle characterizes the Cartesian view of the mind with aplomb. Which of the following are components of this view, according to Ryle?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Ryle on Descartes: Dualism as Category Mistake?</h2>
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<legend id="06f802dfd1c34d7090487e44c700f3cf_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Ryle&#8217;s worries about the Cartesian view include which of the following?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_06f802dfd1c34d7090487e44c700f3cf_2_1[]" id="input_06f802dfd1c34d7090487e44c700f3cf_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="06f802dfd1c34d7090487e44c700f3cf_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_06f802dfd1c34d7090487e44c700f3cf_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_06f802dfd1c34d7090487e44c700f3cf_2_1"> The Cartesian claims that some things that exist are not observable, which is nonsense.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Behaviorism: Introducing Behaviorism</h2>
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<h1>Behaviorism</h1>
<p>Now to the view itself. By the end of this part of the lecture you should have a more precise idea of what behaviorism is, and also some of its problems.</p>
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<p>For those who are interested: you can find Chomsky’s review of <em>Verbal Behaviour,</em> mentioned above, <a href="http://cogprints.org/1148/1/chomsky.htm" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<legend id="4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of these statements does the behaviorist reject?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1[]" id="input_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1"> The mind is not some inner psychic mechanism that is contingently connected with its outer behavioral effects.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1[]" id="input_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4e838a8ab90344fd8f94e1b06dc0fd2d_2_1"> The mind, at least to a significant extent, is constituted by behavior.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Behaviorism: Behaviorism Stated: First Pass</h2>
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Problem: groaning and writhing
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<legend id="f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Roughly, the behaviorist says that you are in pain if and only if you are groaning and writhing. Which of the following is a counterexample to the left to right direction of that biconditional?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1[]" id="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1"> an actor who writhes and groans on the set of a movie, despite not feeling any pain
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1[]" id="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1"> a stroke victim who retains the capacity to feel pain, but who has lost motor control
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1[]" id="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1"> a person who likes to inflict bodily harm on others because she believes they lack minds
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1[]" id="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_2_1"> someone who does not feel pain when injured
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<legend id="f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_3_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following is a counterexample to the right to left direction?</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_3_1[]" id="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_3_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_3_1-choice_0-label" for="input_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_3_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f02d933ac54e4de387fe8b2feb8fa2a2_3_1"> a normal person who burns her hand on the stove, but remains calm throughout
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Behaviorism: Behaviorism Stated: A Second Attempt</h2>
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Problem: pain
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<p>According to our revised version of behaviorism:</p>
<p>S is in pain iff S is disposed to writhe, groan, etc.</p>
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<legend id="1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following would be a counterexample to this biconditional?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1" id="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1"> S is a pain-free method actor who is disposed to writhe and groan.
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<input type="radio" name="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1" id="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1"> S is a pain-free method actor who is writhing and groaning.
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<input type="radio" name="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1" id="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1a3dfe5f322044adaad05edcbeefdb03_2_1"> S is a pain-free method actor who is not disposed to writhing and groan.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Behaviorism: Why it Still Doesn't Work</h2>
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Problem: pizza
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<p>What&#8217;s the problem with the following?</p>
<p>S wants pizza only if S is disposed to go to the nearest pizza shop</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">More Problems For Behaviorism</h2>
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<h1>More Problems for Behaviorism</h1>
<p>We’ve seen one of the most fundamental problems with behaviorism. In this part of the lecture you’ll learn about some other objections, and see why people moved on to the view we will discuss in the next lecture: the identity theory.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video: More Problems for Behaviorism</h3>
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<p>For those who are interested: Block’s “Psychologism and Behviorism”, mentioned in the above video, is available <a href="http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/Psychologism.htm" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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<p>Which one of these is a classic behaviorist joke? (Well, perhaps not that funny...)</p>
<p>Two behaviorists meet, and one says to the other:</p>
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<p>Next lecture: a new and improved kind of physicalism: the identity theory! To prepare, read J. J. C. Smart’s <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/4464804f4ae111e69bac7184c097daf3/asset-v1:MITx+24.09x+3T2019+type@asset+block/10_smart_sensations_and_brain_processes.pdf" target="[object Object]">“Sensations and Brain Processes”</a>.</p>
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