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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Faraday's Law and the Induced Electric Field</h2>
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<p><b>Faraday's law and the induced electric field.</b></p><p> The magnetic flux through a surface can change with time if at least one of the following changes with time:</p><p><ol><li> the area of the surface.</li><li> the orientation of the surface with respect to the magnetic field.</li><li> the magnitude of the magnetic field.</li></ol></p><p>We have already seen examples of the three situations listed above. They are summarized in the figure below.</p><p><center><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/09f555734648c022a400195c92eade22/asset-v1:MITx+8.02.3x+1T2019+type@asset+block/images_html_lesson_23_03.svg" width="800"/></center></p><p>In the situations described in cases (1) and (2), the induced current can be explained by the magnetic force on the charges in the conductor due to the relative motion between the loop and the magnetic field. The work done by the magnetic force per unit charge is the motional electromotive force (emf) discussed at the beginning of this lesson:</p><p>
\[ \mathcal{E} = \oint_{loop} \frac{\vec{F}_{mag}}{q} \cdot d\vec{s} = \oint_{loop} (\vec{v}\times\vec{B})\cdot d\vec{s}\]
</p><p>In the situation described in case (3), there is no relative motion between the conducting loop and the magnetic field so we cannot explain the induced current by a motional electromotive force. The motion of the charges in the wire is due to the presence of an electric field. The source of this electric field is the magnetic field changing with time. In this case, the force on a charge is \(\vec{F}_{ele} = q\vec{E}\), and the emf is defined as:</p><p>
\[ \mathcal{E} = \oint_{loop} \frac{\vec{F}_{ele}}{q} \cdot d\vec{s} = \oint_{loop} \vec{E}\cdot d\vec{s}\]
</p><p> We notice here that the line integral of the electric field over a closed loop is <b>non-zero</b>. This electric field is different from the electric field produced by static charges where it was found to be a conservative field for which the integral around a closed loop must always equal zero.</p><p><b>Faraday's law and non-conservative electric field:</b></p><p>Faraday's law states that a time varying magnetic flux is the source of a non-conservative electric field: </p><p>
\[ \mathcal{E} = \oint_{loop} \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{s}=-\frac{d\Phi_{mag}}{dt}\]
</p><p> The electric field produced by the time varying magnetic flux exists at any point in space. In particular, if we place a conducting loop somewhere in space, the electric field will exert a force on the charge carriers in the conducting material, inducing a current circulating according to Lenz's law.</p><p><b>Electric field lines:</b></p><p><center><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/c012ab7059e76d23fb797b2b08436e13/asset-v1:MITx+8.02.3x+1T2019+type@asset+block/images_html_lesson_23_03b.svg" width="700"/></center></p><p> The electric field lines of the E-fields produced by time varying magnetic flux are <b>closed lines</b>. They are different from the electric field lines produced by static charges. The E-lines of electrostatic fields are open lines, they start at positive charges or at infinity, and they end at negative charges or at infinity.</p>
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<li><a href="https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu/courses/course-v1:MITx+8.02.3x+1T2019/pdfbook/0/#viewer-frame" target="[object Object]">Chapter 10.6: Eddy Currents </a></li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">L25Q1: Fields Direction</h2>
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Field Directions.
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<p>
Electric field [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{E}}[/mathjaxinline] in the figure is the result of a time varying magnetic field [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{B}(t)}[/mathjaxinline]. In which of the following cases are the directions shown for [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{E}}[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{B}}[/mathjaxinline] correct? </p>
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<text> 2. If [mathjaxinline]|\mathbf{\vec{B}}|[/mathjaxinline] decreases with time.</text>
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<text> 3. If [mathjaxinline]|\mathbf{\vec{B}}|[/mathjaxinline] increases with time.</text>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">L25v1+Q2: Induced Electric Field in a Solenoid with Changing Current</h2>
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Induced Electric Field
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Consider an infinite solenoid of radius [mathjaxinline]R[/mathjaxinline]. The side view of part of the solenoid is shown in the left figure below where the axis of the solenoid is parallel to the [mathjaxinline]z[/mathjaxinline]-axis. A current [mathjaxinline]I[/mathjaxinline] is flowing in the counter-clockwise direction as viewed from the [mathjaxinline]+z[/mathjaxinline]-axis. The resulting magnetic field is uniform and parallel to the [mathjaxinline]\hat{k}[/mathjaxinline] direction inside the solenoid and zero outside. </p>
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<img src="/assets/courseware/v1/a19b0aa20f349aba75917b692424bece/asset-v1:MITx+8.02.3x+1T2019+type@asset+block/images_checkpoint_w10_13.svg" width="440"/>
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If the current changes with time, the resulting magnetic field changes with time, therefore according to Faraday's law there is an induced electric field in space. The E-lines of the induced electric field are closed lines. </p>
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The goal of this exercise is to find the shape of these E-lines. </p>
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We will use the cylindrical coordinate system shown in the right figure above to describe the fields, where [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline] is the distance measured from the center of the solenoid. </p>
<p><b class="bfseries">(Part a)</b> The electric field is a function of the position and time. We will focus here on its dependence on position. In principle, it depends on [mathjaxinline]r[/mathjaxinline], [mathjaxinline]\theta[/mathjaxinline], and [mathjaxinline]z[/mathjaxinline]: </p>
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[mathjaxinline]\displaystyle \vec{E}(\vec{r},t)=\vec{E}(r,\theta ,z,t)[/mathjaxinline]
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Use the symmetry of the magnetic field to choose the variables on which the magnitude of the electric field can depend. Check all that apply. </p>
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<text>[mathjaxinline]\theta[/mathjaxinline]</text>
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<text>[mathjaxinline]\vec{E}[/mathjaxinline] is uniform</text>
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<p><b class="bfseries">(Part b)</b> The electric field vector in principle has three components. In the cylindrical coordinate system, the electric field is expressed as: </p>
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[mathjaxinline]\displaystyle \vec{E}=E_ r\hat{r}+E_{\theta }\hat{\theta }+E_ z\hat{k}[/mathjaxinline]
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Use the symmetry of the magnetic field to choose the non-zero electric field components. Check all that apply. </p>
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<text>[mathjaxinline]E_{\theta }[/mathjaxinline] tangential component</text>
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<text>[mathjaxinline]E_ z[/mathjaxinline] vertical component</text>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">L25Q3: Changing Current in a Solenoid</h2>
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Changing Current in Solenoid
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<p><b class="bfseries">(Part a)</b> The solenoid shown below has a non-constant current [mathjaxinline]I(t)[/mathjaxinline] running through it, which is increasing at a constant non-zero rate, i. e. [mathjaxinline]\dfrac {dI}{dt} &gt; 0[/mathjaxinline]. The [mathjaxinline]z[/mathjaxinline]-axis is into the page. </p>
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At a point [mathjaxinline]P[/mathjaxinline] inside the solenoid there is </p>
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<text> a) zero electric and zero magnetic field.</text>
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<text> b) zero electric field and magnetic field that is constant in time.</text>
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<text> c) zero electric field and time-changing magnetic field.</text>
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<text> d) electric field that is constant in time and zero magnetic field.</text>
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<text> e) electric and magnetic fields that are both constant in time.</text>
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<text> f) electric field that is constant in time and time-changing magnetic field.</text>
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<text> g) time-changing electric field and zero magnetic field.</text>
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<text> h) time-changing electric field and constant magnetic field.</text>
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<text> i) electric and magnetic fields that are both time-changing.</text>
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<p><b class="bfseries">(Part b)</b> A stationary magnet has its north pole pointing upward. A conducting circular loop is moving downwards beneath the magnet. The induced current in the coil, as seen from above, and the force on the conducting loop due to the magnet are: </p>
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<text> a) current clockwise and force up.</text>
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<text> b) current counterclockwise and force up.</text>
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<text> c) current clockwise and force down.</text>
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<text> d) current counterclockwise and force down.</text>
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<text> e) current clockwise and zero force.</text>
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<text> f) current counter clockwise and zero force.</text>
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<text> g) zero current and zero force.</text>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">L25Q4: Force on a Moving Rectangle and Eddy Currents</h2>
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Force on a Moving Rectangle and Eddy Currents
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<p>
Most of the examples of motional emf that we have considered until now were about conducting thin loops moving with respect to the magnetic field. Now we will examine the currents that are established in the bulk of a conductor when it moves in a magnetic field. </p>
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In the figure, a thin rectangular conducting sheet is moving with velocity [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{v}}[/mathjaxinline] in the [mathjaxinline]+\mathbf{\hat{i}}[/mathjaxinline] direction into a a region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude [mathjaxinline]B[/mathjaxinline] which points along the [mathjaxinline]+\mathbf{\hat{k}}[/mathjaxinline] direction. At the instant shown in the figure, the conductor has partially moved into the region of magnetic field as shown. Consider the two charges in the conductor labeled with [mathjaxinline]1[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]2[/mathjaxinline], where [mathjaxinline]q_1=q_2=+q&gt;0[/mathjaxinline]. Again, we will assume the moving charges to be positive charges consistent with the conventional current. </p>
<p><b class="bfseries">(Part a)</b> Which of the following statements about [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{F}_1}[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{F}_2}[/mathjaxinline], the forces on [mathjaxinline]q_1[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]q_2[/mathjaxinline], respectively, are true? </p>
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<text> [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{F}_1}[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{F}_2}[/mathjaxinline] are both along the [mathjaxinline]+\mathbf{\hat{j}}[/mathjaxinline] direction</text>
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<text> [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{F}_1}[/mathjaxinline] and [mathjaxinline]\mathbf{\vec{F}_2}[/mathjaxinline] are both along the [mathjaxinline]-\mathbf{\hat{j}}[/mathjaxinline] direction</text>
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<p><b class="bfseries">(Part b)</b> Consider the 4 situations described in the figure below. </p>
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Which of the following statements about [mathjaxinline]I_{ind}[/mathjaxinline], the induced current on the rectangular conductor is true? </p>
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<text> Figure 1. The charges move so that the resulting [mathjaxinline]I_{ind}[/mathjaxinline] flows counterclockwise.</text>
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<text> Figure 2. The charges move so that the resulting [mathjaxinline]I_{ind}[/mathjaxinline] flows clockwise.</text>
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<text> Figure 3. There is charge separation, with negative at the top and positive at the botton, and no current is induced.</text>
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<text> Figure 4. There is charge separation, with positive at the top and negative at the botton, and no current is induced.</text>
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<p><b class="bfseries">(Part c)</b> Assume that the conductor is moving in free space with no external forces with a uniform speed [mathjaxinline]v_0[/mathjaxinline]. When it reaches the region with magnetic field, it interacts with the field. At the instant shown in the figure, the conductor's speed is [mathjaxinline]v_1[/mathjaxinline]. Which of the following statements is true? <div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 3" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_checkpoint_w10_35_4_1">
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<p><b class="bfseries">(Part d)</b> Which of the following statements about the motion of the conductor in the magnetic field region are true? </p>
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<text>The conductor slows down when it enters the B field region and it speeds up when it exits the region.</text>
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<text>The conductor slows down when it enters the B field region and it slows down again when it exits the B-field region.</text>
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<text>The conductor slows down when it enters the B field region consistent with conservation of energy.</text>
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<text>[mathjaxinline]I_{ind}[/mathjaxinline] produces a magnetic field in the [mathjaxinline]-\mathbf{\hat{k}}[/mathjaxinline] when the conductor enters the B field region, and it induces a magnetic field in the [mathjaxinline]+\mathbf{\hat{k}}[/mathjaxinline] when the conductor exits the B field region.</text>
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<text>[mathjaxinline]I_{ind}[/mathjaxinline] produces a magnetic field in the [mathjaxinline]-\mathbf{\hat{k}}[/mathjaxinline] when the conductor enters and exits the B-field region.</text>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">L25Q5: Forces on Moving Magnet</h2>
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Forces on Moving Magnet
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A current [mathjaxinline]I[/mathjaxinline] is flowing through the conducting loop as shown in Figure a. The magnetic field of the loop is similar to the magnetic field of the bar magnet in Figure b with </p>
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<text> the north pole pointing up</text>
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<text> the north pole pointing down</text>
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<p><b class="bfseries">(Part b)</b> Four bar magnets are moving toward circular wire loops that are fixed in space. All the wire loops have the same radius and are made of the same material. The magnets are all identical, but they are approaching the loops at different speeds and with different orientations. </p>
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Which of the following statements is true about the force exerted by the loop on the magnet at the instant when the magnet is to the right of the loop: </p>
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<text> 1. attractive force in A and B, repulsive in C and D</text>
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<text> 2. repulsive force in A and B, attractive in C and D</text>
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<text> 3. attractive force in all cases</text>
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<text> 4. repulsive force in all cases</text>
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