<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@161ee02d62384239b4d2ef6b1c595e05" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Definition of Global Health</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@dd8f5ceff20b4d859e24f6ade40253bb"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="html" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@dd8f5ceff20b4d859e24f6ade40253bb" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@f35fb4ff2ff6424793e544b4a7460d11" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Why does Global Health Matter?</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@82a27992a645481295d91f5ab072b8d6"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="video" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@82a27992a645481295d91f5ab072b8d6" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" 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id=&#34;4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb-problem-title&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb-problem-progress&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; Unit Exercise &lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem-progress&#34; id=&#34;block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb-problem-progress&#34;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem&#34;&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;legend id=&#34;4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1-legend&#34; class=&#34;response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd&#34;&gt;Why is global health important?&lt;/legend&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;checkbox&#34; name=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1[]&#34; id=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-checkbox&#34; value=&#34;choice_0&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1-choice_0-label&#34; for=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1&#34;&gt; Infections can easily spread across countries. &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;checkbox&#34; name=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1[]&#34; id=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-checkbox&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1-choice_1-label&#34; for=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1&#34;&gt; From a humanitarian perspective, needless suffering and preventable deaths are inexcusable. &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;checkbox&#34; name=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1[]&#34; id=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-checkbox&#34; value=&#34;choice_2&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1-choice_2-label&#34; for=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1_choice_2&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1&#34;&gt; Both of the above. &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;checkbox&#34; name=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1[]&#34; id=&#34;input_4a62571cbf554c52a2f75734c2c9bebb_2_1_choice_3&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-checkbox&#34; 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@42aad8e7776b474183e1fe244dcbf266" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Current Situation</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@4b33daea39fd49a3b0bc231b54b1cbb9"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="html" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@4b33daea39fd49a3b0bc231b54b1cbb9" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <h4>The Current Situation</h4> <p>Over 2000 years ago, Hippocrates first attempted to describe disease from a rational perspective observing geographical and temporal patterns. From these earliest foundations, epidemiology traces its history through the work and lives of those including John Graunt, Thomas Sydenham, Ignaz Semmelweiss, John Snow, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Florence Nightingale. Modern epidemiology&mdash; defined as the &ldquo;study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease) and the application of this to the control of diseases and other health problems&rdquo;&mdash; is an essential component of public health today. Epidemiology helps to understand the root causes and contexts of disease, and thereby it informs health care planning and delivery. The Global Burden of Disease is a concept first published in 1996 that provides summary epidemiology data in order to quantify the levels of disease and disability utilizing metrics such as the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY). Whether a District Health Officer in rural Uganda or the Director-General of the World Health Organization, it is critical to utilize data and evidence to identify, understand, and address the health issues faced by communities and populations.</p> <p>&nbsp;Entering 2015, the world&rsquo;s population has surpassed 7 billion with Earth presently supporting &ldquo;more people than have lived in all of human history.&rdquo; Improvements in agricultural production and sanitation have led to unprecedented population growth. Transitioning into the post-2015 sustainable development framework, the world is very different than it was even fifteen years ago when the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration and its Millennium Development Goals. Moreover, the rate of change is accelerating with advances in science, technology, communications, and trade. People are more mobile and living longer than ever before. &nbsp;Furthermore, as populations age, people are living longer with chronic diseases and disability. The leading causes of death and disability have shifted from infectious diseases in childhood to noncommunicable diseases in adults. Risk factors for diseases and disability are transitioning. &nbsp;For example, people are now more likely to &ldquo;suffer from eating too much food rather than too little.&rdquo; Yet, these global trends differ greatly across regions, communities, and populations with marked variation and divergence highlighting the growing realities of health inequities despite social and scientific advancements.</p> </div> </div> <div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="problem" data-has-score="True" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Problem"} </script> <div id="problem_08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca" class="problems-wrapper" role="group" aria-labelledby="08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca-problem-title" data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca/handler/xmodule_handler" data-problem-score="0" data-problem-total-possible="1" data-attempts-used="0" data-content=" &lt;h3 class=&#34;hd hd-3 problem-header&#34; id=&#34;08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca-problem-title&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca-problem-progress&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; Unit Exercise &lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem-progress&#34; id=&#34;block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca-problem-progress&#34;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem&#34;&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;legend id=&#34;08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca_2_1-legend&#34; class=&#34;response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd&#34;&gt;True or False: The global burden of disease from over-eating has overtaken the global burden of disease from malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries.&lt;/legend&gt; 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These options follow the Submit button.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem-action-buttons-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification warning notification-gentle-alert is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-exclamation-circle&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca-problem-title&#34;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification warning notification-save is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-save&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca-problem-title&#34;&gt;None &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification general notification-show-answer is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-info-circle&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;08a4194416ce4fc1b67a89647d032aca-problem-title&#34;&gt;Answers are displayed within the problem &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; " data-graded="True"> <p class="loading-spinner"> <i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i> <span class="sr">Loading&hellip;</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@b816851f29ae4daeaa008a02f948333a" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Approaches to Global Health Practice</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@112eba34868e4a1aaa555c6b111cf3bd"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="html" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@112eba34868e4a1aaa555c6b111cf3bd" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@067e6b9e8d8141029b6e4af52f7254bf" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Identification of Needs</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@8a4a1123b8d34ce19d349809f3b323df"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="html" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@8a4a1123b8d34ce19d349809f3b323df" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Richard Wamai PhD<br />Associate Professor of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies<br />Northeastern University</p> </div> </div> <div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@33324edfbc5d4d609eb4f1b543b13ba7"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="video" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@33324edfbc5d4d609eb4f1b543b13ba7" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Video"} </script> <h3 class="hd hd-2">Prioritization of Global Health</h3> <div id="video_33324edfbc5d4d609eb4f1b543b13ba7" class="video closed" data-metadata='{&#34;autoplay&#34;: false, &#34;speed&#34;: null, &#34;duration&#34;: 563.67, &#34;generalSpeed&#34;: 1.0, &#34;lmsRootURL&#34;: &#34;https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu&#34;, &#34;ytTestTimeout&#34;: 1500, &#34;showCaptions&#34;: &#34;true&#34;, &#34;savedVideoPosition&#34;: 0.0, &#34;completionEnabled&#34;: false, &#34;ytMetadataEndpoint&#34;: &#34;&#34;, &#34;sources&#34;: [&#34;https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V009800_DTH.mp4&#34;, &#34;https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V009800/MITHST932017-V009800.m3u8&#34;], &#34;autohideHtml5&#34;: false, &#34;autoAdvance&#34;: false, &#34;transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl&#34;: &#34;/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@33324edfbc5d4d609eb4f1b543b13ba7/handler/transcript/available_translations&#34;, &#34;end&#34;: 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These options follow the Submit button.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem-action-buttons-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification warning notification-gentle-alert is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-exclamation-circle&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;4c8bfe12704b4104b72a80942fb8ac95-problem-title&#34;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification warning notification-save is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-save&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;4c8bfe12704b4104b72a80942fb8ac95-problem-title&#34;&gt;None &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification general notification-show-answer is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-info-circle&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;4c8bfe12704b4104b72a80942fb8ac95-problem-title&#34;&gt;Answers are displayed within the problem &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; " data-graded="True"> <p class="loading-spinner"> <i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i> <span class="sr">Loading&hellip;</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@7b6a3658d3df4d1fbf2d25a67b88b14a" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Global Burden of Disease</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@ecf88c5078f84827a9adfd8751beb1c8"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="html" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@ecf88c5078f84827a9adfd8751beb1c8" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <h4>Measuring the Global Burden of Disease</h4> <p>The global burden of disease does appear different depending on the measurement tool used to quantify health outcome. These differences will be highlighted in this section, as we move from more aggregate traditional outcomes (life expectancy and mortality) to more nuanced measurements (such as YLDs, HALEs and DALYs) that seek to quantify the social and economic impact of ill health and disability. Despite these differences, some trends are constant, such as epidemiologic shifts towards noncommunicable diseases, increasing inequities in health outcomes between regions of the world, and a growing burden of chronic disability. Each of these trends will require the global health community to adapt delivery systems to meet the needs of a larger, sicker and more unequal world.&nbsp;</p> <p>People are living longer than ever before. The global life expectancy for both sexes has increased from 65.3 years in 1990 to 71.5 in 2013. Meanwhile the mean age of death has increased from 46.7 years to 59.3 over this same time period. These increases were mainly caused by decreases in mortality from lower respiratory tract infections and diarrheal diseases (contributing 2.2 years of the increased life expectancy), cardiovascular and circulatory diseases (contributing 1.1 years), neonatal conditions (contributing 0.7 years), cancers (contributing 0.4 years), chronic respiratory diseases (contributing 0.5 years), and unintentional injuries (contributing 0.3 year). For women, reductions in maternal mortality accounted for approximately 0.2 years of increased life expectancy. While these striking advancements in health outcomes are encouraging, they fail to highlight the increasing reality of global health inequity. &nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@d2e50934e2514ac3a31dffadacdb92a8"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="html" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@d2e50934e2514ac3a31dffadacdb92a8" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <h4>Figure: Trend in Life Expectancy Over Time</h4> <p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/21584e846a89b732fda634c07f14000a/asset-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@asset+block/Figure_1.png" alt="Trends in Life Expectancy" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" preventdefault="function (){r.isDefaultPrevented=n}" stoppropagation="function (){r.isPropagationStopped=n}" stopimmediatepropagation="function (){r.isImmediatePropagationStopped=n}" isdefaultprevented="function t(){return!1}" ispropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" isimmediatepropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" width="756" height="474" /></p> <p>The figure above demonstrates changes in the average age of death by region from 1970 to 2010 and while there have been increases in all regions, marked disparity is evident across multiple regions with those of sub-Saharan Africa demonstrating the lowest mean age at death. Furthermore, in high-income regions, years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death account for approximately half of the total disease burden while in sub-Saharan Africa they staggeringly account for over 80%. In other words, health is improving in aggregate numbers but not for all, with communities traditionally burdened by poor health outcomes disproportionately marginalized from global health advances in the last four decades.</p> </div> </div> <div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="problem" data-has-score="True" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "Problem"} </script> <div id="problem_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c" class="problems-wrapper" role="group" aria-labelledby="df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c-problem-title" data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c/handler/xmodule_handler" data-problem-score="0" data-problem-total-possible="1" data-attempts-used="0" data-content=" &lt;h3 class=&#34;hd hd-3 problem-header&#34; id=&#34;df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c-problem-title&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c-problem-progress&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; Unit Exercise &lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem-progress&#34; id=&#34;block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c-problem-progress&#34;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem&#34;&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;wrapper-problem-response&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34; aria-label=&#34;Question 1&#34; role=&#34;group&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;To ensure a health system is adequately aligned to a population&amp;#8217;s true health challenges, policymakers must be able to compare the effects of different diseases that kill people prematurely and cause ill health.&#34; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;choicegroup capa_inputtype&#34; id=&#34;inputtype_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;fieldset aria-describedby=&#34;status_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1&#34;&gt; &lt;legend id=&#34;df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1-legend&#34; class=&#34;response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd&#34;&gt;This statement alludes to:&lt;/legend&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_0&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1-choice_0-label&#34; for=&#34;input_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1_choice_0&#34; class=&#34;response-label field-label label-inline&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;status_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1&#34;&gt; Millennium Development Goals &lt;/label&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;field&#34;&gt; &lt;input type=&#34;radio&#34; name=&#34;input_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1&#34; id=&#34;input_df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1_choice_1&#34; class=&#34;field-input input-radio&#34; value=&#34;choice_1&#34;/&gt;&lt;label id=&#34;df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c_2_1-choice_1-label&#34; 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These options follow the Submit button.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;problem-action-buttons-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification warning notification-gentle-alert is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-exclamation-circle&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c-problem-title&#34;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification warning notification-save is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-save&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c-problem-title&#34;&gt;None &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification general notification-show-answer is-hidden&#34; tabindex=&#34;-1&#34;&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;icon fa fa-info-circle&#34; aria-hidden=&#34;true&#34;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&#34;notification-message&#34; aria-describedby=&#34;df9be573d5b845bbbbec1f43c288709c-problem-title&#34;&gt;Answers are displayed within the problem &lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&#34;notification-btn-wrapper&#34;&gt; &lt;button type=&#34;button&#34; class=&#34;btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr&#34;&gt;Review&lt;/button&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; " data-graded="True"> <p class="loading-spinner"> <i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i> <span class="sr">Loading&hellip;</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@a8224ca62f4a4641b89174b7e21edc01" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Global Health Effectiveness</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@25d0a4c95db44936a7fe70cf68e21a52"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="html" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@25d0a4c95db44936a7fe70cf68e21a52" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" 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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="vertical" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@d6b49d003c534f2dae82274f34132aea" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-request-token="c02101c232d611f0ab260e09798aea1b"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Call to Action</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@1e3581900204423a87a383caec947023"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-runtime-version="1" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-graded="True" data-block-type="video" data-has-score="False" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@1e3581900204423a87a383caec947023" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" 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