<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@e09b8d43848a4c0e92da4c57c5ec1d58" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@3f5b26c25c1d4a8380918ccbbb950cd4">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@3f5b26c25c1d4a8380918ccbbb950cd4" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Databases, organized collections of data, were first proposed in the 1960s with the advent of random access storage. They were originally used only for very specialized applications due to their cost and complexity, but have now become ubiquitous in all aspects of our daily interactions with computer systems. Whether we are doing banking, checking social media, reading articles, or even playing a game, we are interacting with a database, which stores and manages our data.</p>
<p>Today’s databases are significantly larger and faster than anything imagined at that time. The rate of data growth and size has exceeded most expectations. Therefore, database technology has continued to grow and expand to accommodate new forms of data and the different requirements these systems place on the databases.</p>
<p>The first databases were navigational databases, which then evolved into hierarchical databases. These databases required significant custom coding and were difficult to analyze. The advancement of relational databases introduced more functionality into the database, creating an explosion of database technology. These systems maintain the integrity and access to complex data in a multi-user environment. They handle the complex task of data management so that developers can handle the higher-level systems. Today, there exists greater variety of databases tailored to a greater variety of problems.</p>
<p>In this section we will cover an overview of databases and key features including the main types and the use of SQL for relational databases.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@fa04c5beffcf410e9fefa61bbc4f3202">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@fa04c5beffcf410e9fefa61bbc4f3202" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Take Home Points</h4>
<ul>
<li>Data is an essential part of medical care, research, and business in general. The organization and effective use of data is necessary for efficiency and success.</li>
<li>Two common uses of databases in healthcare are EHRs and registries, both of which use clinical information but registries are population focused while EHRs are focused on the collection and use of an individual’s health-related information.</li>
<li>With the variety of large, unstructured, complex data, the choices in database technology has expanded from relational to NoSQL and NewSQL which perform the functions of data integrity, consistency, and concurrency that allow high-level systems to work efficiently. </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@1cca2f22e3904ef385dde53bddbad1d4" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">What is a Database?</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@a7f9ac131589438693ffeb9ed953f4db">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@a7f9ac131589438693ffeb9ed953f4db" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>What is a Database?</h4>
<p>A database is a structured collection of information, records, or data that is stored in a computer system. Databases usually contain structured data including text and numbers, and frequently they also hold still images, sounds and video, or film clips.</p>
<p>In order for a database to be truly functional, it must not only store large amounts of records in an effective way, but it must also be easily accessed and added to. In order to have a highly efficient database system, a program that manages queries and information stored on the system must be incorporated. This is often referred to as Database Management System (DBMS).</p>
<p>The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage, and retrieval of large quantities of information as well as ways to manage how that information is organized. Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold databases and run the DBMS and related software.</p>
<p>Databases and DBMSs can be categorized according to the database model that they support (such as relational or hierarchal), the type of computer they run on (from a server cluster to a mobile phone), the query language used to access the database (such as SQL or Xquery), and their internal engineering, which affects performance, scalability, resilience, and security.</p>
<h4></h4>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@eec20edea667481e8779671163b19eaf">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@eec20edea667481e8779671163b19eaf" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Clayton Sims, MEng<br />Mobile Engineering and Research & Development<br />Dimagi</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Designing a successful data system</h3>
<div
id="video_cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "captionDataDir": null, "autoAdvance": false, "poster": null, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptLanguage": "en", "showCaptions": "true", "completionEnabled": false, "prioritizeHls": false, "sources": [], "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8/handler/transcript/available_translations", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "autohideHtml5": false, "start": 0.0, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autoplay": false, "saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "saveStateEnabled": false, "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "streams": "1.00:wDyI-GskZH8", "completionPercentage": 0.95, "duration": 0.0, "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="cd8da6cbbaef47a9aca053c0f9a47af8"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-3" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@2d956652f10a47aebedc68b2ad60646e">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@2d956652f10a47aebedc68b2ad60646e" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Database types</h4>
<p>Modern databases can be loosely categorized into three major groups: traditional relational, NoSQL, and NewSQL databases. For some, a collection of "flat files" - for example simple text files - might be considered a database. However, they lack some key features that help to provide efficient, reliable, convenient, and safe multi-user storage of persistent data. For example, two users are editing the same file, and both save it at the same time. Whose changes survive? This may be problematic when dealing with flat files, but is something that a database management system typically handles. A sophisticated database management system (DBMS) can even handle a power outage during a save transaction, when a simple flat file may give highly variable results.</p>
<p>Perhaps the most popular database type is the relational database. Edgar. F. Codd is often credited with introducing the concept of the relational database structure in the 1970s with his seminal paper on "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks", published while he was an employee at IBM. In this paper and subsequent papers, Codd defined key rules and mathematical principals that defined this new database methodology. He went on to define thirteen rules (numbered zero to twelve), which define what it means to be a relational database. Two key rules are: 1) rule 0, the foundation rule, that a relational DBMS (RDBMS) must manage its stored data using only relational capabilities and 2) rule 12, the nonsubversion rule, that a system that provides a low-level (record-at-a-time) interface cannot use that interface to bypass a relational security or integrity constraint. Following the popularity of relational database management systems came structured query language (SQL). SQL offers a simple syntax for interacting with relational database systems.</p>
<p>At the time, relational databases had significant advantages over the prior most popular database models such as graph or hierarchical databases. Graph databases allowed data elements to connect to other database elements via edges. Hierarchical databases were graph databases that only allowed an element to have one parent. These databases were generally fast, but less intuitive in terms of analysis and aggregate statistics. However, these database structures are seeing a resurgence as systems are being developed which push the boundaries of traditional databases.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-4" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Modeling data needs</h3>
<div
id="video_be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "captionDataDir": null, "autoAdvance": false, "poster": null, "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptLanguage": "en", "showCaptions": "true", "completionEnabled": false, "prioritizeHls": false, "sources": [], "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f/handler/transcript/available_translations", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "autohideHtml5": false, "start": 0.0, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autoplay": false, "saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "saveStateEnabled": false, "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "streams": "1.00:wtgXsNLOy-I", "completionPercentage": 0.95, "duration": 0.0, "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="be5d4c07ede64c11816554e61b04822f"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-5" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@fc1ff1c768a946d2977e5762ba7db0f5">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@fc1ff1c768a946d2977e5762ba7db0f5" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Database integrity</h4>
<p>Relational databases typically provide transactional guarantees, known as the "ACID" principles. ACID stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. Atomicity requires that each transaction be "all or nothing:" if one part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails, and the database state is left unchanged. Consistency ensures that any transaction will bring the database from one valid state to another. Isolation ensures that the concurrent execution of transactions results in a system state that would be obtained if transactions were executed serially, i.e., one after the other. Durability suggests that once a transaction has been committed, it will remain so, even in the event of power loss or system crash. In a relational database, for instance, once a group of SQL statements execute, the results need to be stored permanently (even if the database crashes immediately thereafter). To defend against power loss, transactions or their effects must be ultimately recorded in a non-volatile memory.</p>
<p>Each one of these principles provides important reassurances of data integrity. These principles are also crucial to the integrity of medical data and protect users from actions that would cause errors in the stored data or inadvertently destroy the relationships in the data. A lack of such rules and integrity checks is what makes spreadsheets poor tools for data storage and management (as opposed to analysis), often presenting a high risk of data corruption and loss.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-6" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-block-type="problem" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="True" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="1"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Unit Exercise
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1">
<legend id="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">In context of relational database systems, ACID stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. Which of the following answers is true?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1" id="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1"> The isolation property prevents multiple users from connecting to a database at the same time.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1" id="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1"> The isolation property maintains that concurrent execution of transactions results in a system state that would be obtained if transactions were executed serially.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1" id="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1"> The isolation property primarily concerns ensuring that an aborted transaction leaves the database in its original state.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Unit Exercise" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="a28d4dc2a6ca4d169dfedafba3461e1c-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="True">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@9be59e2f6894494c8be5f80a93345a19" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Applications in Health</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@f57b274c9f4b424b88f19016351ed189">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@f57b274c9f4b424b88f19016351ed189" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Applications in Health</h4>
<p>Medical databases serve a critical function in health care, including the areas of patient care, administration, research, and education. The quality and breadth of information collected into existing databases varies tremendously between databases, institutions, and national boundaries. Systems need to be designed for their target environment and task, taking into account issues such internet connectivity, local data laws, and data privacy.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@0da516204d064a2f8e5a153a535ed67a">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@0da516204d064a2f8e5a153a535ed67a" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Clayton Sims, MEng<br />Mobile Engineering and Research & Development<br />Dimagi</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Application Challenges in global health</h3>
<div
id="video_5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "captionDataDir": null, "autoAdvance": false, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/7d8db6c92c8145d49769466d894db61e.jpeg?Expires=1714024773&Signature=Kb5bvaWos8ZqQ2y7MDkipUou9bQ%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFYaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDS4PxrlgyyX61T6dftIAeuiKF7dzEJ5e24%2BGIMrfKlHQIgDwHRneHL4iPzWgfGz47p4QMeIDLNgeC9LmKEz3TjFkMqwwUInv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgw4NTkyMDU2Mzc0MTEiDIhtR7falMJ8xRtesyqXBbW0KtLyiypjc2ZCtyZxVVmPnn1Mn75IReXlOMxiLMQGYlRYsFJUvcMu8QJhPBbDn3OFcKSHu%2FpkQMvQAOeQHQxYuw3w1U9fDj08eCqhDTwAriviuDOHqBz9hC0dy%2BngeY1Ro6bSyUJgSLoAA3pZ175TtTB4oMo5OgbgNohQYqHM9SbPwsKq9eAc92n3LDWI0Z6herNdF7WYEGj2OFjgeMATF3NQfLhXniokJEGSvewOtY58y%2FTBGCB45SOVPyfc2Iw3IiIh7CNDZlfeQEz8eYFwlsPCjd%2FR4GnCY6HEzSRvzHpdrIiAEiB4bQs4HRsI0cySUPMqgML1S7Zfwl0OaQA0rk4COpkRZobZz3kOXHV%2BOsL2usnFJMngmfX781FvLeCAi42ST70mh7kPDggQJ3wIJJ%2BpOoONmrqC1BB5T2i43v6owBV6AntU3NhO0uTJOHHCu1CeRm8%2FgCPHxYhXLV%2FoS8T%2FLTIfQLPHqGNh7sSruBwdeWzA0KYeMQNxLpTtLqMR480CSmAHeZ5yYEoyEkfu2ZynxF1Nz6oASyed6IVtUObey2a4AaV8PbcU3jJN7ZYdbMe7CkDf9YBC8PLMsXfbC4FU0rSfb6Hnyy3oSX20d02LpadIUNrJy972HftFbhrjslxg97CSVqDg%2FsTaJJeNbVALFPgO%2FxtLV4vegE613kwCUiyusme0qWPrRRInBLE51zs2qPyH5rh3S%2FMlQlGsjAw%2BuzWgyN2clNdItUurfPW25V4Q91tyRZUGPkU%2BtpvBOaNhWyU5nDXQT4EYlyDC88BV8gpadwVUOLm%2F0dJlk42GeFAHr6Vjbgc8So2vqjsHmd1HZK7cCL%2ByHNl8QiLgbTuOMw6XDpguY3EzW3Pt6C5rbmCxzzDZ0KexBjqxAWNay2AwWOqzYg%2Ft8D7laqsm6gbx6B5CSa%2Bl4r7Pb5DCj4FcRht6e25IDqH25CQel1EYf658x4E4NaQSI4YPMm%2FZkgBAKjMgs5bgeVzNmFxb4sYU4YgrNooXBEo7ZHsk13r%2F8%2FTrM3YUHH8lHGNphLFEGpuC0ItSRwqUg%2BTKCQwHSrqY53aliH9LYd3qRs6qhHa%2BAnVH0DA%2FeMw%2FCndc2Q6Wro2D84qAFrwN3OlJ%2B20knQ%3D%3D&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSURXKIX7776", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptLanguage": "en", "showCaptions": "true", "completionEnabled": false, "prioritizeHls": false, "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V010500_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V010500/MITHST932017-V010500.m3u8"], "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326/handler/transcript/available_translations", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "autohideHtml5": false, "start": 0.0, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autoplay": false, "saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "saveStateEnabled": false, "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "streams": "1.00:OVWE3rTIMj0", "completionPercentage": 0.95, "duration": 425.11, "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="5d1e256843c3424d96eb8b7cc0f5f326"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-3" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@a30b5fc4fc8e4349a488aece677ca5f6">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@a30b5fc4fc8e4349a488aece677ca5f6" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Data integration</h4>
<p>Often data will need to be combined from multiple sources. Integration of data from these sources is a key consideration when designing a database system, because the sources may vary widely in structure, terminologies, and quality. Data standards are rules that outline how data should be described, recorded, and exchanged, and are an important aspect to consider.</p>
<p>The use of data standards can help to maintain data integrity and facilitate data reuse and exchange. Coding systems can be used to provide a common structure for concepts and terminology. For example, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system is a popular set of rules for describing diseases and related health issues. The FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) standard is an increasingly popular standard for data exchange. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-4" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@5e68f96dd5f14fcf9c11f15bdc0fccf3">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@5e68f96dd5f14fcf9c11f15bdc0fccf3" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Beth Riviello, MD MPH<br />Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center<br />Harvard Medical School<br />University of Rwanda<br />Human Resources for Health Rwanda</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-5" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Heterogeneity of critical care systems</h3>
<div
id="video_9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "captionDataDir": null, "autoAdvance": false, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/da0bda4cfded421daf4f382b2c506ee0.jpeg?Expires=1714024774&Signature=T6OUN2QWeJ%2Fcu406hahuAqyJJ7c%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFYaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDS4PxrlgyyX61T6dftIAeuiKF7dzEJ5e24%2BGIMrfKlHQIgDwHRneHL4iPzWgfGz47p4QMeIDLNgeC9LmKEz3TjFkMqwwUInv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgw4NTkyMDU2Mzc0MTEiDIhtR7falMJ8xRtesyqXBbW0KtLyiypjc2ZCtyZxVVmPnn1Mn75IReXlOMxiLMQGYlRYsFJUvcMu8QJhPBbDn3OFcKSHu%2FpkQMvQAOeQHQxYuw3w1U9fDj08eCqhDTwAriviuDOHqBz9hC0dy%2BngeY1Ro6bSyUJgSLoAA3pZ175TtTB4oMo5OgbgNohQYqHM9SbPwsKq9eAc92n3LDWI0Z6herNdF7WYEGj2OFjgeMATF3NQfLhXniokJEGSvewOtY58y%2FTBGCB45SOVPyfc2Iw3IiIh7CNDZlfeQEz8eYFwlsPCjd%2FR4GnCY6HEzSRvzHpdrIiAEiB4bQs4HRsI0cySUPMqgML1S7Zfwl0OaQA0rk4COpkRZobZz3kOXHV%2BOsL2usnFJMngmfX781FvLeCAi42ST70mh7kPDggQJ3wIJJ%2BpOoONmrqC1BB5T2i43v6owBV6AntU3NhO0uTJOHHCu1CeRm8%2FgCPHxYhXLV%2FoS8T%2FLTIfQLPHqGNh7sSruBwdeWzA0KYeMQNxLpTtLqMR480CSmAHeZ5yYEoyEkfu2ZynxF1Nz6oASyed6IVtUObey2a4AaV8PbcU3jJN7ZYdbMe7CkDf9YBC8PLMsXfbC4FU0rSfb6Hnyy3oSX20d02LpadIUNrJy972HftFbhrjslxg97CSVqDg%2FsTaJJeNbVALFPgO%2FxtLV4vegE613kwCUiyusme0qWPrRRInBLE51zs2qPyH5rh3S%2FMlQlGsjAw%2BuzWgyN2clNdItUurfPW25V4Q91tyRZUGPkU%2BtpvBOaNhWyU5nDXQT4EYlyDC88BV8gpadwVUOLm%2F0dJlk42GeFAHr6Vjbgc8So2vqjsHmd1HZK7cCL%2ByHNl8QiLgbTuOMw6XDpguY3EzW3Pt6C5rbmCxzzDZ0KexBjqxAWNay2AwWOqzYg%2Ft8D7laqsm6gbx6B5CSa%2Bl4r7Pb5DCj4FcRht6e25IDqH25CQel1EYf658x4E4NaQSI4YPMm%2FZkgBAKjMgs5bgeVzNmFxb4sYU4YgrNooXBEo7ZHsk13r%2F8%2FTrM3YUHH8lHGNphLFEGpuC0ItSRwqUg%2BTKCQwHSrqY53aliH9LYd3qRs6qhHa%2BAnVH0DA%2FeMw%2FCndc2Q6Wro2D84qAFrwN3OlJ%2B20knQ%3D%3D&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSURXKIX7776", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptLanguage": "en", "showCaptions": "true", "completionEnabled": false, "prioritizeHls": false, "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V010800_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V010800/MITHST932017-V010800.m3u8"], "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136/handler/transcript/available_translations", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "autohideHtml5": false, "start": 0.0, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autoplay": false, "saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "saveStateEnabled": false, "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "streams": "1.00:_SjG7YN5ato", "completionPercentage": 0.95, "duration": 394.54, "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="9311b4f1381846a48408ac0d568fb136"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-6" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@e35e1883f64b4204acf1cd96b1c99fc6">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@e35e1883f64b4204acf1cd96b1c99fc6" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p>Ethan Soergel and Ben Rudolph<br />Backend and Program Engineering<br />Dimagi</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-7" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-video xmodule_display xmodule_VideoBlock" data-block-type="video" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Video"}
</script>
<h3 class="hd hd-2">Data modeling scenario</h3>
<div
id="video_00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802"
class="video closed"
data-metadata='{"transcriptLanguages": {"en": "English"}, "captionDataDir": null, "autoAdvance": false, "poster": "https://mitx-edx-video-meta-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/media/video-images/548baf31ad26408b878791b7d15e9549.jpeg?Expires=1714024774&Signature=3ehpeTxkeFyzBKzYDQzKuKHMeP0%3D&x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFYaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDS4PxrlgyyX61T6dftIAeuiKF7dzEJ5e24%2BGIMrfKlHQIgDwHRneHL4iPzWgfGz47p4QMeIDLNgeC9LmKEz3TjFkMqwwUInv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgw4NTkyMDU2Mzc0MTEiDIhtR7falMJ8xRtesyqXBbW0KtLyiypjc2ZCtyZxVVmPnn1Mn75IReXlOMxiLMQGYlRYsFJUvcMu8QJhPBbDn3OFcKSHu%2FpkQMvQAOeQHQxYuw3w1U9fDj08eCqhDTwAriviuDOHqBz9hC0dy%2BngeY1Ro6bSyUJgSLoAA3pZ175TtTB4oMo5OgbgNohQYqHM9SbPwsKq9eAc92n3LDWI0Z6herNdF7WYEGj2OFjgeMATF3NQfLhXniokJEGSvewOtY58y%2FTBGCB45SOVPyfc2Iw3IiIh7CNDZlfeQEz8eYFwlsPCjd%2FR4GnCY6HEzSRvzHpdrIiAEiB4bQs4HRsI0cySUPMqgML1S7Zfwl0OaQA0rk4COpkRZobZz3kOXHV%2BOsL2usnFJMngmfX781FvLeCAi42ST70mh7kPDggQJ3wIJJ%2BpOoONmrqC1BB5T2i43v6owBV6AntU3NhO0uTJOHHCu1CeRm8%2FgCPHxYhXLV%2FoS8T%2FLTIfQLPHqGNh7sSruBwdeWzA0KYeMQNxLpTtLqMR480CSmAHeZ5yYEoyEkfu2ZynxF1Nz6oASyed6IVtUObey2a4AaV8PbcU3jJN7ZYdbMe7CkDf9YBC8PLMsXfbC4FU0rSfb6Hnyy3oSX20d02LpadIUNrJy972HftFbhrjslxg97CSVqDg%2FsTaJJeNbVALFPgO%2FxtLV4vegE613kwCUiyusme0qWPrRRInBLE51zs2qPyH5rh3S%2FMlQlGsjAw%2BuzWgyN2clNdItUurfPW25V4Q91tyRZUGPkU%2BtpvBOaNhWyU5nDXQT4EYlyDC88BV8gpadwVUOLm%2F0dJlk42GeFAHr6Vjbgc8So2vqjsHmd1HZK7cCL%2ByHNl8QiLgbTuOMw6XDpguY3EzW3Pt6C5rbmCxzzDZ0KexBjqxAWNay2AwWOqzYg%2Ft8D7laqsm6gbx6B5CSa%2Bl4r7Pb5DCj4FcRht6e25IDqH25CQel1EYf658x4E4NaQSI4YPMm%2FZkgBAKjMgs5bgeVzNmFxb4sYU4YgrNooXBEo7ZHsk13r%2F8%2FTrM3YUHH8lHGNphLFEGpuC0ItSRwqUg%2BTKCQwHSrqY53aliH9LYd3qRs6qhHa%2BAnVH0DA%2FeMw%2FCndc2Q6Wro2D84qAFrwN3OlJ%2B20knQ%3D%3D&AWSAccessKeyId=ASIA4QDFFSURXKIX7776", "publishCompletionUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802/handler/publish_completion", "transcriptLanguage": "en", "showCaptions": "true", "completionEnabled": false, "prioritizeHls": false, "sources": ["https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V010600_DTH.mp4", "https://d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/MITHST932017-V010600/MITHST932017-V010600.m3u8"], "transcriptAvailableTranslationsUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802/handler/transcript/available_translations", "ytApiUrl": "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api", "autohideHtml5": false, "start": 0.0, "generalSpeed": 1.0, "recordedYoutubeIsAvailable": true, "speed": null, "end": 0.0, "ytMetadataEndpoint": "", "savedVideoPosition": 0.0, "ytTestTimeout": 1500, "autoplay": false, "saveStateUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802/handler/xmodule_handler/save_user_state", "saveStateEnabled": false, "transcriptTranslationUrl": "/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@video+block@00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802/handler/transcript/translation/__lang__", "streams": "1.00:qOGIgF0QKqs", "completionPercentage": 0.95, "duration": 2824.47, "lmsRootURL": "https://openlearninglibrary.mit.edu"}'
data-bumper-metadata='null'
data-autoadvance-enabled="False"
data-poster='null'
tabindex="-1"
>
<div class="focus_grabber first"></div>
<div class="tc-wrapper">
<div class="video-wrapper">
<span tabindex="0" class="spinner" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Loading video player"></span>
<span tabindex="-1" class="btn-play fa fa-youtube-play fa-2x is-hidden" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Play video"></span>
<div class="video-player-pre"></div>
<div class="video-player">
<div id="00eab5e75f474063a5af60ae7bc24802"></div>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-error is-hidden">No playable video sources found.</h4>
<h4 class="hd hd-4 video-hls-error is-hidden">
Your browser does not support this video format. Try using a different browser.
</h4>
</div>
<div class="video-player-post"></div>
<div class="closed-captions"></div>
<div class="video-controls is-hidden">
<div>
<div class="vcr"><div class="vidtime">0:00 / 0:00</div></div>
<div class="secondary-controls"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="focus_grabber last"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-8" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-block-type="problem" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="True" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="1"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Unit exercise
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1">
<legend id="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system is an example of a:</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1" id="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1"> Order entry system
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1" id="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1"> Data exchange protocol
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1" id="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1"> Coding system
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1" id="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1"> Decision support system
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Unit exercise" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="b3daab9815b041589bf977508af50562-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="True">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@157a75e3220944398c1fb1e929dc3912" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Electronic health records and registries</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@9fcbdafde07b48bbb2a2b9ccfe3e6312">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@9fcbdafde07b48bbb2a2b9ccfe3e6312" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">While both EHRs (Electronic Health Records) and registries use clinical information at the patient level, registries are typically population focused, purpose driven, and designed to derive information on health outcomes defined before the data are collected and analyzed. On the other hand, EHRs are focused on the collection and use of an individual patient's health-related information. While in practice there may be some overlap in functionality between EHRs and registries, their roles are distinct, and both are very important to the health care system.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@0d83f7bce25e488c94b168d83bd1b776">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@0d83f7bce25e488c94b168d83bd1b776" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Electronic Health Records</h4>
<p>An electronic health record (EHR) refers to the systemic collection of electronic health information of an individual patient or population. EHRs can be comprehensive systems that manage both clinical and administrative data; for example, an EHR may collect medical histories, demographics, laboratory data, and physician notes, and may assist with billing, interpractice referrals, appointment scheduling, and prescription refills. The system is designed to represent data that captures the state of the patient at all times. It is possible to view an entire patient history without the need to track down the patient’s previous medical record volume and EHRs assist in ensuring data is accurate, appropriate and legible.</p>
<p>According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), an EHR has four core functionalities: health information and data, results management, order entry and support, and decision support. Due to all the information being in a single system, it makes it much more effective when extracting medical data for the examination of possible trends and long-term changes in the patient.</p>
<p>The true promise of EHRs in evidence development is in facilitating the achievement of a practical, scalable, and efficient means of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating evidence. Digitizing information can dramatically reduce many of the scalability constraints of patient registries and other clinical research activities. Paper records are inherently limited because of the difficulty of systematically finding or sampling eligible patients for research activities and the effort required to re-enter information into a database. Digitized information has the capacity to improve both of these requirements for registries, enabling larger, more diverse patient populations, and avoiding duplication of effort for participating clinicians and patients. However, duplication of effort can be reduced only to the extent that EHRs capture data elements and outcomes with specific, consistent, and interoperable definitions—or that data can be found and transformed by other processes and technologies (e.g., natural language processing) into standardized medical ontologies. Besides enabling health care information to be more readily available for registries and other evidence development purposes, bidirectionally interoperable EHRs may also serve an efferent role of delivering relevant information from a registry back to a clinician (e.g., information about natural history of disease, safety, effectiveness, and quality). </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@363a18cec472425aa46dcb3958921d7a">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@363a18cec472425aa46dcb3958921d7a" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Registries</h4>
<p>A registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. Registries are focused on populations and are designed to fulfill specific purposes defined before the data are collected and analyzed. EHRs are patient centric and are designed to collect, share, and use that information for the benefit of that individual.</p>
<p>Other terms also used to refer to patient registries include clinical registries, clinical data registries, disease registries, and outcomes registries.</p>
<p>A patient registry can be a powerful tool to observe the course of disease; to understand variations in treatment and outcomes; to examine factors that influence prognosis and quality of life; to describe care patterns, including appropriateness of care and disparities in the delivery of care; to assess effectiveness; to monitor safety and harm; and to measure quality of care. Through functionalities such as feedback of data, registries are also being used to study quality improvement.</p>
<p>E.M. Brooke, in a 1974 publication of the World Health Organization, further delineated registries in health information systems as “a file of documents containing uniform information about individual persons, collected in a systematic and comprehensive way, in order to serve a predetermined purpose.”</p>
<p>The National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics describes registries used for a broad range of purposes in public health and medicine as “an organized system for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and dissemination of information on individual persons who have either a particular disease, a condition (e.g., a risk factor) that predisposes [them] to the occurrence of a health-related event, or prior exposure to substances (or circumstances) known or suspected to cause adverse health effects.”</p>
<p>A well-established data registry is the Nacional Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR). The American College of Cardiology (ACC) developed NCDR in 1997 as an exploration into strategies for improving cardiovascular care through the use and application of clinical data. Today, the NCDR is a reputable and dependable quality improvement resource that continues to evolve to meet the demands of the changing health care environment.</p>
<p>One of their success registries is the implantable cardioverter defibrillators and leads registry. The ICD Registry establishes a USA standard for understanding treatment patterns, clinical outcomes, device safety, and the overall quality of care provided to implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients. As the CMS-mandated registry for hospitals that perform ICD implantation procedures, the ICD Registry plays an important role in determining the association between evidence-based treatment strategies and clinical outcomes.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-3" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-block-type="problem" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="True" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="1"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Unit Exercise
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1">
<legend id="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following answers best outlines common usage of the terms "registry" and "electronic health record system"?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1" id="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1"> electronic health record systems typically focus on collection and use of patient data at an individual level, while registries are typically population focused, purpose driven, and designed to derive information on health outcomes.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1" id="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1"> electronic health record systems typically focus on collection and use of patient data for epidemiological studies, while registries are typically designed for providing decision support at the bedside.
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1" id="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1"> electronic health record systems typically focus on collection and use of patient data for billing purposes, while registries are typically used by government organisations for tracking population health outcomes.
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Unit Exercise" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="cc17aa33ffe4408abce91c2804821b26-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="True">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@181597779bfb4bd28d2254f4689fc9b2" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">SQL overview</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@6a35d2dd54db4d67bf59100ef7c3b2d3">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@6a35d2dd54db4d67bf59100ef7c3b2d3" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>SQL overview</h4>
<p>Structured Query Language (SQL) is a special purpose programming language for interacting with and extracting data from relational databases. Due to the popularity of relational database systems, SQL has become the most popular data query language in the world. In 1986, SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Although SQL is an ANSI standard, in practice SQL syntax differs mildly across database systems. </p>
<p>Tables and relationships define the core data in a relational database. Each table comprises multiple columns with each row typically representing a record. Each column has a defined data type and set of attributes, which helps to maintain data integrity and ensures contents of the column are correctly represented. SQL data types support multiple data formats, including exact and approximate numeric data, date and time, character or string data, and binary large objects (often referred to as BLOBs). Along with the data type, attributes are associated with the data such as default value, uniqueness, and length. The entirety of this information comprises the database metadata and helps to maintain integrity and efficient operation of the database.</p>
<p>SQL is an interpreted language with relatively few commands that can be executed directly or embedded in an application or website. It extends the work by Edgar F. Codd’s relational model published in 1970 with a foundation in relational algebra. Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce originally developed SQL in the 1970s while at IBM. The language is easy to learn but hard to master. It provides the core commands to perform all CRUD operations. CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update and Delete. The standard SQL commands to interact with relational DBs are create, select, insert, update, delete, and drop. These commands can be classified into groups based on their core functions. The data definition language groups of commands includes create, which is used to build new tables, views, and other objects, alter, which changes existing database objects, and drop, which deletes database tables, view, or other structures. These commands are very powerful and generally not reversible, so extreme caution should be exercised with their use.</p>
<p>The data manipulation commands are used to interact with data within the database instead of the structure itself. Select retrieves certain records from one or more tables, insert is used to create a record, update changes an existing record, and delete removes one or more records. There are also data control commands that are beyond the scope of this book.</p>
<p>A SQL expression is constructed by unique set of rules and guidelines to make the command unambiguous and easily understandable by the DBMS. The command is constructed similar to an English sentence with a verb, expression, predicate, and joining elements. In addition, SQL operators allow relatively complex Boolean or arrhythmic functions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@45b518baf638426b814dda31c9d3c82a">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@45b518baf638426b814dda31c9d3c82a" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Select Statement</h4>
<p>The most frequently used SQL statement is the <code>select</code> statement. Select statements are used to query or retrieve data from a table in the database. A query may retrieve information from specified columns or from all of the columns in a table. Select statements are typically structured as follows:</p>
<p><code>SELECT columns</code><br /><code> FROM table</code><br /><code> [WHERE conditions]</code><br /><code> [ORDER BY columns];</code></p>
<p>Where table name is the name of the table from which the information is retrieved, and column list includes one or more columns from which data is retrieved, separated by commas. The clauses within the brackets are optional and the entire query is generally terminated with a semicolon.</p>
<p>We can select all of the <code>subject_id</code> and date of birth (<code>dob</code>) corresponding to female subjects as follows:</p>
<p><code>SELECT subject_id, dob<br />FROM patients<br />WHERE gender = 'F';</code></p>
<p>This query returns the entire <code>subject_id</code> and <code>dob</code> columns from the <code>patients</code> table where the patient <code>gender</code> is "<code>F</code>". <code>WHERE</code> clauses can be combined with standard logical operators <code>AND</code>, <code>OR</code>:</p>
<p><code>SELECT subject_id, dob <br />FROM patients <br />WHERE subject_id = 109 <br />OR subject_id = 117;</code></p>
<p>The <code>ORDER BY</code> keyword is relatively straightforward: it will sort the data in the order you specify. The query below orders the results by the patient <code>subject_id</code>, for example:</p>
<p><code>SELECT subject_id, dob <br />FROM patients<br />ORDER BY subject_id</code></p>
<p>Complex questions can be answered by joining multiple tables to create a composite result. Often we need information coming from multiple tables. This can be achieved using the SQL <code>JOIN</code> keyword. There are several types of join, including <code>INNER JOIN</code>, <code>LEFT JOIN</code>, and <code>RIGHT JOIN</code>. It is important to understand the difference between these joins because their usage can significantly impact query results. Detailed guidance on joins is widely available on the web. We provide a single example here, to illustrate how joins are used.</p>
<p>Using the <code>INNER JOIN</code> keyword, we will select a list of patients from the <code>patients</code> table along with dates of birth, and join to the <code>admissions</code> table to get the admission time for each hospital admission. We use <code>INNER JOIN</code> to indicate that two or more tables should be combined based on a common attribute, which in our case is <code>subject_id</code>:</p>
<p><code>-- INNER JOIN will only return rows where subject_id<br />-- appears in both the patients table and the admissions table<br />SELECT p.subject_id, p.dob, a.hadm_id, a.admittime<br />FROM patients p<br />INNER JOIN admissions a<br />ON p.subject_id = a.subject_id<br />ORDER BY subject_id, hadm_id;</code></p>
<p>There are multiple online resources to learn about SQL, so we will not go into further depth here. Several free courses are available, such as Database Systems at MIT Open Courseware and Introduction to Databases from Stanford University.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-problem xmodule_display xmodule_ProblemBlock" data-block-type="problem" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="True" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "Problem"}
</script>
<div id="problem_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727" class="problems-wrapper" role="group"
aria-labelledby="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727-problem-title"
data-problem-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727" data-url="/courses/course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019/xblock/block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727/handler/xmodule_handler"
data-problem-score="0"
data-problem-total-possible="1"
data-attempts-used="0"
data-content="
<h3 class="hd hd-3 problem-header" id="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727-problem-title" aria-describedby="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727-problem-progress" tabindex="-1">
Unit Exercise
</h3>
<div class="problem-progress" id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@problem+block@f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727-problem-progress"></div>
<div class="problem">
<div>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1">
<fieldset aria-describedby="status_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1">
<legend id="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular language used to extract data from database systems. Which of the following queries has valid syntax and would be expected to return a list of <code>subject_id</code> from a database containing a table named <code>patients</code> with columns <code>subject_id</code> (range 100-1000) and <code>dob</code>?</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1" id="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1">
<code>SELECT subject_id FROM patients table WHERE subject_id &gt; 200;</code>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1" id="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1">
<code>SELECT subject_id FROM patients WHERE subject_id &gt; 200;</code>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1" id="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1">
<code>FROM patients SELECT subject_id WHERE subject_id &gt; 200;</code>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="radio" name="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1" id="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1">
<code>WHERE subject_id &gt; 200 SELECT subject_id FROM patients;</code>
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1"/>
</fieldset>
<div class="indicator-container">
<span class="status unanswered" id="status_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727_2_1" data-tooltip="Not yet answered.">
<span class="sr">unanswered</span><span class="status-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
</span>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="action">
<input type="hidden" name="problem_id" value="Unit Exercise" />
<div class="submit-attempt-container">
<button type="button" class="submit btn-brand" data-submitting="Submitting" data-value="Submit" data-should-enable-submit-button="True" aria-describedby="submission_feedback_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727" >
<span class="submit-label">Submit</span>
</button>
<div class="submission-feedback" id="submission_feedback_f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727">
<span class="sr">Some problems have options such as save, reset, hints, or show answer. These options follow the Submit button.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="problem-action-buttons-wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-gentle-alert
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-exclamation-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727-problem-title">
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification warning notification-save
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-save" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727-problem-title">None
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="notification general notification-show-answer
is-hidden"
tabindex="-1">
<span class="icon fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></span>
<span class="notification-message" aria-describedby="f57b995c7d9045bfaadf112601589727-problem-title">Answers are displayed within the problem
</span>
<div class="notification-btn-wrapper">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-small notification-btn review-btn sr">Review</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
"
data-graded="True">
<p class="loading-spinner">
<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-2x fa-fw"></i>
<span class="sr">Loading…</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-block-type="vertical" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@vertical+block@41b92c2cc4f44b3494b0de1dc97dffc0" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Future of databases</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@8c138c46c16a4430851cf28589b929d5">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@8c138c46c16a4430851cf28589b929d5" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>Future of Databases</h4>
<p>SQL and relational databases make for a very powerful database architecture. However, their Achilles heel is the significant overhead in performing ACID transactions. Maintaining integrity requires additional computational time and processing power. Therefore, larger and larger servers and mainframes have been created to handle these demands. There are limits based on current technology to build ever-larger servers. To scale beyond these limitations, design methodologies came into or back into fashion. New database architecture known as NoSQL became popular. These systems do not have anything to do with SQL but loosen the restriction of ACID. Instead, they use the more relaxed BASE principle. Base stands for Basically Available, Soft state and Eventual consistency. Unlike ACID, the system sacrifices consistency for greater availability and scalability.</p>
<p>These compromises are reasonable for handling the large volume of unstructured and semi-structured data. As the internet and all connected systems deal with the continuing growth of the test files, log file, blogs, tweets, audio, pictures, and video, these NoSQL databases and BASE principle serve as a cornerstone of the data management architecture. In medicine particularly, we deal with the onslaught of multi-dimensional images and genetic results from radiology, pathology, gynecology, and cardiology. These non-traditional databases are optimized to handle such diverse and unstructured data formats.</p>
<h4></h4>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@54c6f0cd78a946d8bde1445bbb14b463">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@54c6f0cd78a946d8bde1445bbb14b463" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>NoSQL</h4>
<p>NoSQL has very little if anything to do with SQL but refers to the loosening of some of the restrictions that RDBMS imposes such as ACID. NoSQL more accurately means "not only SQL". These systems typically relax the ACID criteria and focus more on data availability, scaling, and eventual consistency. A traditional RDBMS works best on predictable, structured data. RDBMS scale well vertically (larger machine) but struggle at horizontal (multiple machines) expansion with increasing data size and complexity. Therefore, RDBMS can become very challenging to manage as the amount of data being stored grows. An alternative, more cloud-friendly approach is to use one of the many NoSQL solutions. A NoSQL database is precisely the type of database that can handle unstructured, complex, and unpredictable data that can scale effectively.</p>
<p>Broadly speaking, current NoSQL systems comprise four major types: key-value store, column-oriented store, document store, and graph database.</p>
<ul>
<li>Key-value stores are a simple high-performance two column database. The first column is the key, and the second column is the value. The value can be any data from a simple number to large video.</li>
<li>Column-oriented stores are generally a very wide data table but optimize the organization or the columns so that related columns are stored on the same server. Therefore, transactions do not have to span multiple servers often.</li>
<li>Document stores are similar to key-value stores but with the additional restriction that the value is XML hierarchical document. The document is self-describing so that all or part of the document can be searched and modified.</li>
<li>Graph databases are the most primitive of all database designs dating back to the 1960s. They store nodes and edges where either element can have parameters. Nodes represent entities such as “Dr. Brown”, “Surgery”, and “BIDMC” in the example. Edges are the connection between the nodes such as “specialist”, “department of” and “work at”. Navigating graph databases is typically fast, and users can analyze the complex relationships to glean knowledge.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-2" data-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@258238634bcd4d01aebd6468130641b0">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-block-type="html" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019+type@html+block@258238634bcd4d01aebd6468130641b0" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+HST.936x+1T2019" data-has-score="False" data-graded="True" data-runtime-version="1" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-request-token="4a2d020202c811efa5220afff417eba9">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<h4>NewSQL</h4>
<p>As the variety of data in medicine has increased with the advent of complex testing such as genome sequencing and expression arrays, the need for different data stores has also grown. However, unlike NoSQL databases that sacrifice consistency for scalability and availability, medical systems need new solutions, which guarantee ACID constraints. These new systems are called NewSQL, and they guarantee consistency while being optimized for distribution across multiple servers and handling of large complex data. They are best for systems with a large number of transactions that are short-lived, touch a small subset of data using primarily index lookups, and are repetitive.</p>
<p>These systems loosely divide in three major categories of: new architectures; SQL engines; and transparent sharding. New architecture systems are completely new designs optimized for large distributed clusters. Examples are Google Spanner, Clustrix, and VoltDB. SQL engines are optimized storage engines for existing database systems. An example is TokuDB that uses fractal trees to improve scalability of relational database systems. Transparent sharding is a middleware architecture, a layer of code between the server and the application that automatically splits the database across multiple different servers. Examples of this type include dbShards and ScaleBase.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
© All Rights Reserved