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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction</h2>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Learning Objectives</strong></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB">In the following section you will learn about:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Prerequisites of successful data science</li>
<li>Technologies that improve machine learning and data analysis in health care</li>
<li>Current limitations in machine learning and how they might be solved</li>
<li>How Machine intelligence and Machine Learning can be defined</li>
<li>Different machine learning techniques e.g. Deep learning and its principles</li>
<li>The impact of high-quality data collection in health care on research and individual patients</li>
<li>The role of machine learning in the medical diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy</li>
<li>The opportunities of evidence-based medicine based on data-driven techniques </li>
</ul>
<p></p>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;"><span color="#313131" face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">Donny Cheung<br style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; line-height: 1.4em;" /></span>Google Cloud<br />Healthcare & Life Sciences</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">A Data Science Revolution In Healthcare</h3>
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<ul style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;">
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<li style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">advanced analytics/AI techniques</span></li>
<li style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">sound application and deployment in real-world setting</span></li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Technologies Driving Healthcare AI</h2>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>Appropriate hard- and software is needed to enable machine intelligence</li>
<li>Efforts are being made to reduce "data-hungry" machine learning techniques where sufficient data is scarce - the goal is to create accurate and reliable models given smaller datasets</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Leveraging Healthcare Data At Scale</h2>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>In healthcare data science, there are clinical and operational use cases of data analytics</li>
<li>Analytics can serve on a local or distributed basis, both of which have their advantages and disadvantages</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Machine Intelligence</h2>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>Machine intelligence (a term used in data science) describes a computer's ability to predict an outcome using a given set of variables</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>For example, predicting mortality in a given patient using clinical observations, vital signs, and laboratory results as variables</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Machine learning - a computer's ability to learn without being explicitly programmed - can be thought of as a method of accomplishing "machine intelligence"</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Deep learning is a tool used in machine learning</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>When developing machine learning models, it is important to consider the availability of data at the time of making the prediction</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Deep Learning: A Machine Learning Technique</h2>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;"><span color="#313131" face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">Ming Jack Po<br style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; line-height: 1.4em;" /></span>Google Cloud<br />Healthcare & Life Sciences</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Deep Learning: A Machine Learning Technique</h3>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>Deep learning, a machine learning technique, works by classifying a given input through layers of binary classifications to arrive at an output</li>
<li>It often needs a myriad of examples to function precisely</li>
<li>There are similarities to the functioning of the brain, hence the name "neural network"</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Challenges For AI Approaches In Medicine</h2>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>Appropriate regulatory bodies, statutory quality control and legislation for medical AI algorithms are yet to be developed</li>
<li>In healthcare, high-quality datasets are scarce as there is much variation in the way observations are recorded</li>
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<legend id="04ca42f765f04470bb5741014fb00692_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Using the example of diabetic retinopathy, which of the following makes retinal images (images of the back of the eye) NOT ideal for machine learning purposes?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">A Data-Driven Future For Medicine</h2>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is endeavored to build an environment for structured, seamless inpatient and outpatient data collection, producing high-quality, complete medical records for patients and research purposes</li>
<li>Accumulation and integration of all types of data (genomic data, physical data, etc.) will allow for more powerful models of disease progression and therapy</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Machine Learning Powered Medical Diagnostics: An Example</h2>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;"><span color="#313131" face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Ming Jack Po<br style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; line-height: 1.4em;" /></span>Google Cloud<br style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; line-height: 1.4em;" />Healthcare & Life Sciences</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Machine Learning Powered Medical Diagnostics: An Example</h3>
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<p>Key Points: </p>
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<li>The architecture of neural networks is transferable between problems</li>
<li>Neural networks have the ability to adapt themselves to solve new problems without needing additional rules</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Medicine Rebuilt As Data Science</h2>
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<h3 class="hd hd-4 downloads-heading sr" id="video-download-transcripts_22de761c65044452838288508f916f0b">Downloads and transcripts</h3>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>Many aspects of modern medicine are often built on circumstantial, outdated, or anecdotal evidence</li>
<li>Modern data-driven techniques have the potential to improve the evidence basis in medicine</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">End of Subsection 1.2: Quiz</h2>
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Question 1
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<legend id="9696596649284c9785edd38c2c989504_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">A model used in dispensing drug prescriptions on a national level would be an example of a _________?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_c56e63535330418d9eb6b72e1353bf21_2_1" id="input_c56e63535330418d9eb6b72e1353bf21_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="c56e63535330418d9eb6b72e1353bf21_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_c56e63535330418d9eb6b72e1353bf21_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c56e63535330418d9eb6b72e1353bf21_2_1"> Advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques
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Question 3
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<legend id="dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which element is MOST important when developing a predictive model?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1" id="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1"> Availability of data at time of prediction
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<input type="radio" name="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1" id="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1"> Picking only the most important variables first
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<input type="radio" name="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1" id="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_dcf89547084045658661d3b0210fd07e_2_1"> Running only the most sophisticated models
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Question 4
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<legend id="34375cab1f0c4ec7929ce94da9070409_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What unprecedented opportunity does data science in medicine create?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_34375cab1f0c4ec7929ce94da9070409_2_1" id="input_34375cab1f0c4ec7929ce94da9070409_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="34375cab1f0c4ec7929ce94da9070409_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_34375cab1f0c4ec7929ce94da9070409_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_34375cab1f0c4ec7929ce94da9070409_2_1"> Gradually replacing radiologists (and other doctors)
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