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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">What Is Hypothesis Testing</h2>
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<p><strong>Learning objectives</strong></p>
<p>In the following section you will learn about:</p>
<ul>
<li>Statistical hypothesis testing – the null hypothesis and p values</li>
<li>The false Discovery Rate and the Familywise Error rate</li>
<li>The Reproducibility crisis and methods to increase reproducibility</li>
<li>Benefits of large datasets</li>
<li>The importance of ethical considerations</li>
<li>Limitations of RCT</li>
</ul>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">What Is Hypothesis Testing</h3>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>Statistical hypothesis testing includes making a null hypothesis (i.e. there is no difference between two groups) and an alternative hypothesis (there is a difference between the groups), either of which shall be rejected through analysis</li>
<li>P-values assume the null hypothesis to be correct and serve to determine the likelihood of obtaining a test result by chance</li>
<ul>
<ul>
<li>Usually, the significance is chosen at 0.05 or 5% (i.e. in case of significant results, there is a 5% chance the results are significant by chance)</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Multiple Testing And Spurious Findings (Example: Dead Salmon Study)</h2>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>The lack of reproducibility of research findings has been repeatedly identified as an issue in modern science</li>
<li>Approaches to improving on the reproducibility include revising methodologies and giving detailed insight into how studies were conducted</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reasons for Concern</h2>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>Modern, sophisticated research questions would often require a large number of participants for the study to reveal the "true effect"</li>
<li>Large datasets ("Big Data") are thought of as an opportunity to address the reoccurring issue of undersized study populations</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Considerations Of Fairness</h2>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;"><span style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">The following video is presented by:</span></p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;"><span color="#313131" face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #313131; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">William Boag<br /></span>PhD Student<span color="#313131" face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #313131; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Considerations Of Fairness</h3>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is imperative to consider the framing of the problem you are trying to solve, do not just worry about the accuracy of the model</li>
<li>Consider the ethical implications when framing your problem and how to solve it</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Limitations of Randomized Controlled Trials</h2>
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<p style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;">Omar Badawi<br />Senior Scientist<br />Philips Healthcare</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Randomized Controlled Trials</h3>
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<p>Key Points:</p>
<ul>
<li>RCTs are the gold standard for estimating the effect of an exposure on an outcome</li>
<li>Limitations of RCTs include time investment, ethical issues, narrow population, narrow inference, not entirely free of bias</li>
</ul>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Summary</h2>
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<ul>
<li>Every research hypothesis should have a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis for statistical hypothesis testing</li>
<li>Hypothesis testing may yield spurious results, always check that your statistical results are scientifically feasible and plausible</li>
<li>Data science grants the opportunity to address recurring issues of undersized study populations via "big data"</li>
<li>Framing the problem for a research study is as important as the accuracy of the model itself</li>
<li>RCTs remain gold standard for estimating effect of an exposure on an outcome, but are limited by time investment, ethical issues, narrow populations and interferences. They are also not inherently free of bias.</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">End of Subsection 1.4: Quiz</h2>
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Question 4
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Question 5
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<legend id="cd4caa149f274480964ea6aa5f7155ee_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following is NOT true about randomized controlled trials?
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