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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Final Exam</h2>
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Question 1
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<legend id="26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Sometimes an exposure variable is associated with both exposure and outcome. This can be described as:</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1" id="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1"> Allocation bias
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<input type="radio" name="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1" id="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1"> Misclassification bias
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<input type="radio" name="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1" id="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1"> Confounding bias
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<input type="radio" name="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1" id="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1"> Selection bias
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<input type="radio" name="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1" id="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_4"/><label id="26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_26999f2cc689456d9b480c610054e8f3_2_1"> Observer bias
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Question 2
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<legend id="606a9bec632146bfb86a4ff01dc711f5_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What Method is the gold standard to establish Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) to prove cohort selection algorithm fidelity?</legend>
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Question 3
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<legend id="2765e591940f42248999be38ba10a6e1_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the below options is NOT a way to exclude outliers from a noisy dataset?</legend>
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Question 4
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<legend id="64bddcbd867b41b4bb9988e46dfabbf5_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How many distinct types of vital signs does the MIMIC-III database contain for a given ICU stay id?</legend>
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Question 5
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<legend id="199205d00c604838b11289bf320854b4_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">In a height test, shorter people have missing observations for their height.</legend>
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Question 6
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<legend id="1c390be5e33a44af8e49b4f329e4eec1_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">If you selected a significance level of \[\alpha = 0.05\], which of the following p-values would suggest that the null hypothesis should be rejected?</legend>
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Question 7
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<legend id="1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the below options is NOT a way to exclude outliers from a noisy dataset?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1" id="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1"> Machine learning (regression analysis)
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<input type="radio" name="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1" id="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1"> Binnig methods
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<input type="radio" name="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1" id="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1"> Clustering
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<input type="radio" name="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1" id="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_4"/><label id="1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1b75d68e52bf48d78c1f54ef85c3cab3_2_1"> Normalization
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Question 8
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<legend id="39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is a classification task? What is a regression task?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1" id="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1"> The type of task is distinguished by the types of features (input variables). A classification task is based on continuous features and a regression task is based on categorical/binary features.
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<input type="radio" name="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1" id="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1"> The type of task is distinguished by the types of features (input variables). A regression task is based on continuous features and a classification task is based on categorical/binary features.
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1" id="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1"> The type of task is distinguished by the type of the outcome (sometimes also referred to as the target). A classification task is based on a continuous outcome and a regression task is based on a categorical/binary outcome.
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<input type="radio" name="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1" id="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_39a51dbade884bc3988125ede8cfbd5a_2_1"> The type of task is distinguished by the type of the outcome (sometimes also referred to as the target). A regression task is based on a continuous outcome and a classification task is based on a categorical/binary outcome.
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Question 9
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<legend id="280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the below options is not a possible disadvantage of Inverse Probability Treatment Weighting?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1" id="input_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1"> Creation of a pseudo-population
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<input type="radio" name="input_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1" id="input_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_280d238ea22745b6932833f9b68144c0_2_1"> Positivity assumption violation
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Question 10
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<legend id="ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Select the option(s) that best describe(s) linear regression.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1[]" id="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1"> Is prone to underfitting real problems; reality is more complex than this model. Its predictions might be inaccurate.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1[]" id="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1"> It is prone to overfitting the data on non-linear datasets.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1[]" id="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1"> Useful to relate a binary output with nominal features.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1[]" id="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1"> It is one of the simplest modeling techniques used in health data analysis.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1[]" id="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ecf7618cc6334f9193a85dabcf9f3fe6_2_1"> Computationally inexpensive compared to other modeling techniques (e.x. Random Forests, Polynomial Regression).
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