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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Exercise - Black Ships: Facing “East” & Facing “West”</h2>
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<h3>The "Black Ships"</h3>
<p>The black ships fascinated artists on both sides. Some of their images are reproduced below. Look through these images, and then complete the drag-and-drop exercise below.</p>
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<td>Image 1<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_115_Powhatan.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_115_Powhatan_200.jpg" alt="detailed, precise depiction of black ship with American flag against yellow background" /></a></td>
<td>Image 2<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/10_010_GospelOfGod.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/10_010_GospelOfGod_200.jpg" alt="black ship belching smoke and tilting sharply on turbulent, dark waves. Bottom of image says U.S. Japan fleet Com. Perry carrying the Gospel of God to the heathen, 1853." /></a></td>
<td>Image 3<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/75_001_Gleasons_Ships.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/75_001_Gleasons_Ships_200.jpg" alt="black-and-white image of many ships with large white sails clustered closely together. Crowded rowboat approaching ships. Heading reads: a superb view of the United States Japanese squadron under the command of Commodore Perry bound for the east." /></a></td>
<td>Image 4<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/21_010a_detail_Powhatan.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/21_010a_detail_Powhatan_200.jpg" alt="elegant black ship on serene waters against red sunset sky. U.S. illustration." /></a></td>
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<td>Image 5<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/40_004_ships.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/40_004_ships_200.jpg" alt="Japanese illustration of five black ships, two especially large ones. Large, colorful American flags prominent." /></a></td>
<td>Image 6<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_023d_BiddleShip.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_023d_BiddleShip_200.jpg" alt="simplistic Japanese depiction of black ship with tall white sails. Minimal depiction of natural enivornment." /></a></td>
<td>Image 7<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/40_001_sailship.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/40_001_sailship_200.jpg" alt="large black ship with tall white sails and prominent American flag depicted from the side. Figures of small blue-uniformed people visible on ship deck." /></a></td>
<td>Image 8<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_120a_Biddle.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_120a_Biddle_200.jpg" alt="Black-and-white image with heading The U.S.S. Columbus and Vincennes in Japan. Large black ship surrounded by dozens of smaller ships and boats. Coastline with hills and large clouds in background." /></a></td>
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<p>Which images are American, and which are Japanese? Drag the images from the thumbnails below to the side of the map where they belong.</p>
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<h3>Black Ships Drag-and-Drop</h3>
<p>(1 point possible) Drag images from the thumbnails to the side of the map where you think they belong.</p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">All images are <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>, and are available on the Visualizing Cultures website. Click on the image number to see the original page.</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Image 1:<em> Commodore Perry's Flagship</em> Powhatan. 1854-1870. Hanging scroll. Peabody Essex Museum. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/02_115_Powhatan.htm" target="[object Object]">02_115_Powhattan</a>]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Image 2: Evans, James G. <em>U.S. Japan Fleet, Com. Perry Carrying the "Gospel of God" to the Heathen, 1853</em>. ca. 1853. Oil on canvas. Chicago Historical Society. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/10_010_GospelOfGod.htm" target="[object Object]">10_010_GospelOfGod</a>]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Image 3:<em> A Superb View of the United States Japanese Squadron</em>. 1853. Engraving. <em>Gleason's Pictorial</em> (12 February 1853). [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/75_001_Gleasons_Ships.htm" target="[object Object]">75_001_Gleasons_Ships</a>]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Image 4:<em> View of the Naval Steamer</em> Powhatan. 1853. Lithograph. <em>Shiryō ga kataru Yokohama no hyakunen</em>. Edited by Kaikō Shiryōkan and Yokohama Kaikō Shiryō Fukyū Kyōkai. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/21_010a_detail_Powhatan.htm" target="[object Object]">21_010a_detail_Powhatan</a>]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Image 5:</span><em style="line-height: 25.6px;"> Assembled Paintings of Commodore Perry's Visit</em><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">. 19th century. Eight-fold screen. Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo. [</span><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/40_004_ships.htm" target="[object Object]" style="line-height: 25.6px;">40_004_ships</a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">]</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Image 6:</span><em style="line-height: 25.6px;"> Biddle's Black Ship</em><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">. 1848. Painting. Ryōsenji Treasure Museum. [</span><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/30_023d_BiddleShip.htm" target="[object Object]" style="line-height: 25.6px;">30_023d_BiddleShip</a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">]</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Image 7:<em> Assembled Paintings of Commodore Perry's Visit</em>. 19th century. Eight-fold screen. Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/40_001_sailship.htm" target="[object Object]">40_001_sailship</a>]</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Image 8: Eastley, John. <em>The</em> U.S.S. Columbus <em>and</em> Vincennes <em>in Japan</em>. 1848. Lithograph. <em>Worlds Revealed</em>. Edited by Peabody Essex Museum and Edo-Tokyo Museum. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/02_120a_Biddle.htm" target="[object Object]">02_120a_Biddle</a>]</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Visual Narrative - Facing “East”: Gunboat Diplomacy</h2>
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<h3>Visual Narrative - Facing “East”: Gunboat Diplomacy</h3>
<p>Now that you have looked at images of the black ships, study the Visual Narratives below. Notice the various Western depictions of the American ships as they went “East.” Think about the different media, purposes behind their creation, and target audiences of these images. What are your own reactions to the different images? (Questions follow below.)</p>
<p><strong>We offer three ways to view Visual Narratives:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong><strong style="line-height: 25.6px;">Scroll Thru</strong><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 25.6px;">: scroll horizontally to view Visual Narratives here in the courseware.</span></strong></li>
<li><strong>Click Thru</strong>: view a series of images and captions here in the courseware.</li>
<li><strong>Link Thru</strong>: link to the Visualizing Cultures website to view Visual Narratives in their original Units.
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</li>
</ol>
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<p><strong>Scroll Thru</strong>: scroll horizontally to view the Visual Narrative below.</p>
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<p><strong><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai_02/bss_visnav03.html" target="_blank" style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: #0079bc;">Link Thru</a></strong><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">: Click here to view the Visual Narrative on the Visualizing Cultures website, in its original Unit (opens in a new browser window).</span></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Zooming in on the <em>Susquehanna</em> Steamer</h3>
<p>Take a close look at a cross-section of the U.S.S. <em>Susquehanna </em>(click on the image to activate the magnifying glass on the left).</p>
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<p><strong><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/cross01.html" target="_blank">Click here</a></strong> to enlarge the full, annotated <em>Susquehanna</em> image and view notes on the ships of Commodore Perry’s Far East Squadron, 1853 & 1854, on the <span style="color: #313131; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">Visualizing Cultures website.</span></p>
<p>Image credit: Cross-Section of the <em>Susquehanna</em>, 2003, source unknown. <a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/90_555_Susquehanna.htm" target="_blank">[90_555_Susquehanna]</a></p>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="dea025d05d8c48fe9f41fa600fda9b45_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">American portrayals of Perry&#8217;s fleet, including the cross-section of the <i>Susquehanna</i> above, illustrate a key development in U.S. naval power. What was the most outstanding example of this? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_dea025d05d8c48fe9f41fa600fda9b45_2_1" id="input_dea025d05d8c48fe9f41fa600fda9b45_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="dea025d05d8c48fe9f41fa600fda9b45_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_dea025d05d8c48fe9f41fa600fda9b45_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_dea025d05d8c48fe9f41fa600fda9b45_2_1"> The development of steam-driven warships fueled by coal
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Visual Narrative - Foreign Intruders, Reading - Chapter Three: Black Ships</h2>
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<h3>Visual Narrative - Facing West: Foreign Intruders</h3>
<p>Here we look at the varied ways the Japanese portrayed the foreign ships. Questions follow below.</p>
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<h3></h3>
<p><strong style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">Scroll Thru</strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;">: scroll horizontally below to view the visual narrative:</span></p>
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<p style="width: 7579px;"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bsD1/VNBSJ.png" alt="scrolling narrative showing Japanese depiction of demonic, menacing black ships. Some depictions are relatively realistic, some use traditional Japanese style to depict ships" height="463" width="7579" /></p>
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"/assets/courseware/v1/e54eec1c9ca2c8776845298e0d75f379/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/06_065c_Warship_stern_wheel_2000h.png", "Cannon bristled above an elegant paddlewheel, portholes glowered like the eyes of an apparition, and gunfire streaked from bow and stern like a searchlight.",
"/assets/courseware/v1/ac540d2296529d5e5e8462cd2ac2af8a/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/30_013c3_detail_ship_2000h.jpg", "In a demonic sister ship, art spilled over into the realm of caricature and cartoon. The stern of the vessel has been turned into the eyes, nose, mouth of a monster. How should we interpret this?<br><br>Is this meant to reflect the monstrous nature of those who came with the ship? Or, could it reflect the practice common among Asian seafarers of the time to place huge demonic faces on vessels to ward off evil spirits and ensure safe passage? The answer, perhaps, is a mixture of both.<br><br><strong>Title:</strong> Ship detail from <em>Black Ship and Crew<em><br><strong>Creator:</strong> Unknown<br><strong>Date:</strong> ca. 1854<br><strong>Format:</strong> painting<br><strong>Medium:</strong> color on paper <br><strong>Source of Copywork:</strong> a slide from Ryosenji",
"/assets/courseware/v1/c822542efc53cbe98a422cff2b6ff6d0/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/02_115_Powhatan_2000h.jpg", 'The black ships did not merely alarm the Japanese; they also fascinated them.<br><br>Most artists portrayed the ships in a straight-forward manner from the same perfect-profile perspective beloved by the Westerners. While both approaches were considered “realistic,” they convey different impressions.<br><br>In contrast to the American oil painting of the Powhatan seen elsewhere, this Japanese watercolor of the same ship reveals how pictorial “realism” may vary depending not only on the viewer but also on the medium used.<br><br><strong>Title:</strong> <em>Commodore Perry’s Flagship </em>Powhatan<br><strong>Date:</strong> ca. 1854-1870<br><strong>Format:</strong> hanging scroll<br><strong>Medium:</strong> watercolor and ink on paper <br><strong>Source of Copywork:</strong> Peabody Essex Museum and Edo-Tokyo Museum, eds. Worlds Revealed: The Dawn of Japanese and American Exchange. Tokyo, 1999.',
"/assets/courseware/v1/f452ac47232b52409fcd38ea168081e3/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/30_016d_BlackShip_2000h.jpg", 'Though realistic and carefully labeled, a subtle “face” seems to be suggested in the stern of this drawing, reminiscent of the more imaginary renderings. This is yet another illustration of the <em>Powhatan</em>.',
"/assets/courseware/v1/87702fe527f85b19b9a229e14de68eaf/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/30_016d_BlackShip_2000h_detail.png", '<strong>Title:</strong> <em>Pictorial Scroll of Black Ships Landing at Shimoda</em> (detail)<br><strong>Creator:</strong> unknown<br><strong>Date:</strong> 1854<br><strong>Format:</strong> hand scroll<br><strong>Medium: </strong>ink and color on paper<br><strong>Source of Copywork:</strong> a slide from Ryosenji',
"/assets/courseware/v1/faa545ce54ee5e9fe2702e625920d8fe/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/51_002_bsscroll_ships_2000h.jpg",'',
"/assets/courseware/v1/d956f67aecf3f48c80086764c8070ce5/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/51_001_bsscroll_map_2000h.jpg", "Panoramic views of the American squadrons were often designed to convey details concerning not only the black ships but also the surrounding terrain. This 1854 map of the harbor at Shimoda depicts six of Perry’s gunboats resting at anchor.<br><br>Place names (and ships) appear right-side up, upside down, and sideways—a convention that developed from maps being rotated as they were read.<br><br><strong>Title:</strong> Detail of Map, from the <em>Black Ship Scroll</em><br><strong>Creator:</strong> unknown<br><strong>Date:</strong> 1854<br><strong>Format:</strong> hand scroll<br><strong>Medium: </strong>ink and color on paper<br><strong>Source of Copywork:</strong> a slide from Honolulu Academy of Arts" ]
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<p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;"><strong><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai_02/bss_visnav04.html" target="_blank">Link Thru</a></strong>: link to the Visualizing Cultures website to view the visual narrative in its original form. </span><span style="font-family: 'open sans';">This is an alternate view of the Visual Narrative.</span></p>
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<legend id="5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What two interpretations are put forward to explain the demonic faces in many Japanese pictures of the black ships? Check the <em>two</em> that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1[]" id="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1"> Few artists had actually seen the ships, so they had to make up images
</label>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1[]" id="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1"> Perry's practice of gunboat diplomacy reinforced Japanese cliches about foreign "demons" or "devils" threatening the country
</label>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1[]" id="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1"> Perry put demonic faces on his ships to awe the Japanese
</label>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1[]" id="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5b05f156814941df99e3f7bcc0107b71_2_1"> The "demon ship" renderings amounted to cartoonish representations of the very real and formidable threat facing Japan
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<p>In both American and Japanese representations of the black ships there are invocations to the supernatural (whether demons or a Christian God). How might you interpret this? Select the answer that seems most persuasive to you, and then compare it to your fellow students' responses. There is no correct answer.</p>
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-bb4dec38cfa3481bb46f7f39291c0595-answer-R"><p>Given the historical experience of prior missionary activity in Japan, the Perry encounter was perceived as another attempt by Westerners to introduce Christianity, with potentially dangerous consequences.</p></label>
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-bb4dec38cfa3481bb46f7f39291c0595-answer-B"><p>A general lack of knowledge about foreign places in the 19th century meant that all sides commonly relied on divine (or demonic) imagery to explain unfamiliar people, places, and things.</p></label>
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<h3>Reading - Chapter Three: Black Ships (Optional)</h3>
<p>Please take a moment to read Professor Dower’s historical overview of the Perry expedition.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.41575em; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You can also<strong style="line-height: 1.4em;"> <a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/pdf/bss_essay_03.pdf" target="_blank">Link Thru</a></strong> to read the chapter on the Visualizing Cultures website if you prefer (opens in a new browser window).</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">No Photographs?</h2>
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<h3>Photography</h3>
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<input type="radio" name="input_1c437b804ca94c8b84f955e0a563b34c_2_1" id="input_1c437b804ca94c8b84f955e0a563b34c_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="1c437b804ca94c8b84f955e0a563b34c_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_1c437b804ca94c8b84f955e0a563b34c_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1c437b804ca94c8b84f955e0a563b34c_2_1"> Photography was fantastically expensive, so only a handful of photos were taken
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<legend id="c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">In the few photographs that survive, some samurai have adjusted their clothing and swords. These photos tell us many things. Which of the statements below do, or do NOT represent something we learn from these photos? Check any and all INCORRECT answers.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1[]" id="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1"> Some but not all samurai understood that daguerreotypes were &#8220;mirror images,&#8221; and so adjusted their swords and kimono so as to appear &#8220;true to life&#8221;
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1[]" id="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1"> Proper comportment and dress was a crucial fact of social life, and samurai were very careful to follow those conventions
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1[]" id="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1"> Despite over two centuries of seclusion, many samurai were fascinated by the West, and curious about Western technology
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1[]" id="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c9e4fee004f846a69a10134544c18a08_2_1"> Samurai families often commissioned portraits as a mark of wealth and prestige
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<p>Today we have looked at the range of images produced during the Perry encounter, and some of the key figures in their production. For the remainder of the module, we will explore individual facets of the Perry encounter, starting with the political dimension.</p>
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