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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to “Black Ships & Samurai”</h2>
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<h3>Introduction: Original Sources from the Perry Encounter </h3>
<p>Today, Professor Dower will introduce images produced by both American and Japanese observers of the famous voyages United States Commodore Matthew Perry made to Japan in 1853 and 1854.</p>
<p>The lesson has two goals: (1) to introduce you to some of the tools historians use to recreate the past; and (2) to start exploring the visual record of Commodore Perry’s expedition.</p>
<p>After viewing several short lectures, you can complete simple multiple-choice and image-based exercises. We begin to analyze the visual record by comparing portraits of Commodore Perry.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The American Record: Perry’s Official Narrative</h2>
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<h3>The Official Narrative of the Expedition</h3>
<p>Professor Dower now takes us to Houghton Library, the rare books repository at Harvard University. He will introduce the official <em>Narrative of the Expedition</em>, a key source for studying the Perry encounter. Watch the video clip, and answer the following question.</p>
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<p>Read the title page of the Narrative, reproduced here, and answer the question below.
<figure><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/01_001_narr_Title.jpg" alt="Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China Seas and Japan, performed in the years 1852, 1853, and 18543, under the command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, by order of the government of the United States. Compiled from the original notes and journals of Commodore Perry and his officers, at his request, and under his supervision, by Francis L. Wakes, D. D. L. L. D. with numerous illustrations. Published by order of the congress of the United States. Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer. 1856." style="width:100%"/><figcaption>Hawks, Francis L., ed. Title page to <em>Narrative of the Expedition.</em> Washington, D.C., 1856.<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"> CC BY NC SA</a>. <a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/01_001_narr_Title.htm" target="_blank">[01_001_narr_Title]</a></figcaption></figure></p>
<p>What clues does it offer about the motivations behind the Perry expedition? Check all that apply.</p>
<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1">
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1[]" id="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1"> The U.S. was willing to use force to secure diplomatic and economic relations with other countries
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1[]" id="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1"> Perry&#8217;s mission was privately funded
</label>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1[]" id="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_ed71fad5a6ea4a05811b4a118ffacea5_2_1"> The mission to Japan was part of a larger drive to become involved in the entire East Asian region
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Images of Commodore Perry - Exercises</h2>
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<h3>Portraying Perry</h3>
<p>Now we will zoom in on a particular subset of the visual record: images of Commodore Perry himself.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 2.3: Perry Photograph</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 2.4: Perry Woodblock</h3>
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<p>Professor Dower juxtaposes a photograph of Perry with one of the most famous woodblock prints of Perry. He also suggests that photographs are not necessarily more realistic than other types of images. What might woodblock prints of Perry convey more effectively than the photograph of him?</p>
<p>Look at the following selection of woodblock portraits of Perry, along with his photographic portrait. You can click on each image to see a full-screen version. Then, order the images as you see fit along the two scales below: 1) how threatening are the portraits? and 2) how accurate are the likenesses of Perry?</p>
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<h3>Images of Perry</h3>
<p>Here are seven images of Commodore Perry, circa 1854–1856. Click each image to see a full-screen version.</p>
<p><em>(You might need to refresh your browser window to load the image-blowup buttons. It’s a known bug that image blowups sometimes download to your computer. If this happens, try refreshing the page. The “fullscreen” buttons should then appear over the images when you hover on them. Apologies! Also, c<span style="line-height: 1.6;">lick “Close” to return to the main page: hitting your “Back” button on your browser may send you away from the current page.)</span></em></p>
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<td>Image 1<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/18_000_Perry_Brady.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/18_000_Perry_Brady_200.jpg" alt="photograph of Perry with grim expression" /></a></td>
<td>Image 2<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_046i1_Perry_detail.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_046i1_Perry_detail_200.jpg" alt="Japanese print of hirsute, demonic-looking Perry" /></a></td>
<td>Image 3<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_134a_Perry.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_134a_Perry_200.jpg" alt="Japanese image of Perry with brown irises surrouned by blue-colored eyeball" /></a></td>
<td>Image 4<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/06_066a_Perry.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/06_066a_Perry_200.jpg" alt="same picture as previous but with slightly more vivid color scheme" /></a></td>
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<td>Image 5<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/51_030_bsscroll_Perry.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/51_030_bsscroll_Perry_200.jpg" alt="very hirsute Perry with slanted eyes, large nose. Looks demonic." /></a></td>
<td>Image 6<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_038i_Perry_tengu.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_038i_Perry_tengu_200.jpg" alt="illustration of Perry with little color and unhappy facial expression." /></a></td>
<td>Image 7<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_040i_Perry.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_040i_Perry_200.jpg" alt="illustration of Perry with little color in face but vivid yellow naval attire" /></a></td>
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<p>Image credits, left to right. All images are <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>, and can be found on the Visualizing Cultures website by clicking the image number.</p>
<p>Image 1: Brady, Matthew. <em>Portrait of Perry.</em> ca. 1856. Photograph. Library of Congress. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/18_000_Perry_Brady.htm" target="[object Object]">18_000_Perry_Brady</a>]</p>
<p>Image 2:<em> Portrait of Perry and Adams.</em> Late-19th century. Painting. Ryosenji Treasure Museum. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/30_046i1_Perry_detail.htm" target="[object Object]">30_046i1_Perry_detail</a>]</p>
<p>Image 3:<em> A Portrait of Perry, a North American.</em> ca. 1854. Woodblock print. Peabody Essex Museum. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/02_134a_Perry.htm" target="[object Object]">02_134a_Perry</a>]</p>
<p>Image 4:<em> Portrait of Perry, a North American.</em> Late-19th century. Woodblock print. Nagasaki, Yokohama, Tokyo fūbutsushi ten zuroku. Nagasaki: Nagasaki Kenritsu Bijutsu Hakubutsukan, 1996. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/06_066a_Perry.htm" target="[object Object]">06_066a_Perry</a>]</p>
<p>Image 5:<em> Black Ship Scroll.</em> 1854. Hand scroll. Honolulu Academy of Arts. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/51_030_bsscroll_Perry.htm" target="[object Object]">51_030_bsscroll_Perry</a>]</p>
<p>Image 6:<em> Portrait of Matthew Perry.</em> ca. 1854. Painting. Ryōsenji Treasure Museum. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/30_038i_Perry_tengu.htm" target="[object Object]">30_038i_Perry_tengu</a>]</p>
<p>Image 7: <em> A North American (Portrait of Perry).</em> ca. 1854. Woodblock print. Ryōsenji Treasure Museum. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/30_040i_Perry.htm" target="[object Object]">30_040i_Perry</a>]</p>
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<h3>Drag-and-Drop 1: Threat</h3>
<p><span style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 23.68px;">(1 point possible) Please arrange the portraits (shown again below, in smaller draggable form) in order from most threatening to least threatening. This problem is graded for completion only. When you have completed it, you will automatically receive a point.</span></p>
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<h3>Drag-and-Drop 2: Likeness</h3>
<p><span style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 23.68px;"><span style="line-height: 23.68px;">(1 point possible) Please arrange the portraits (shown again below, in smaller draggable form) in order from most accurate likeness to least accurate likeness. This problem is graded for completion only.</span></span></p>
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<p>Compare your two versions of the portraits. Did you order the images differently depending on the theme? Was the photograph of Perry always the most effective image? As we move forward, keep in mind the ways different types of images can convey different, but equally powerful, messages.</p>
<p>Look through the woodblock-print portraits again, and answer the following two questions.</p>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Many Japanese portraits of Perry depict a relatively hirsute man. Western photographs suggest that Perry was clean-shaven. Which of the following seems the most likely explanation for the beards in the Japanese paintings?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1" id="input_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1"> Perry grew a beard to intimidate the Japanese.
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<input type="radio" name="input_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1" id="input_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5982f0f603cb4b3186fddb657a3d7bed_2_1"> The beard is actually a rash, suggesting Perry was deeply unwell.
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Checkboxes
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<legend id="c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Perry was said to keep to himself and only rarely appear in public while in Japan. Yet, more portraits exist of him than of other members of his crew. Which of the following statements are plausible explanations for this proliferation of images? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1[]" id="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1"> Artists immediately understood him to be the leader of the U.S. mission, and accordingly focused their attention on drawing him.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1[]" id="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1"> Perry&#8217;s long nose, crazed eyes, and scraggly beard fascinated Japanese artists.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1[]" id="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_c638eb7f31c14ead8a17c6a8f7916b5f_2_1"> Artists drew pictures of everyone, but as time passed Perry became the most important figure associated with the U.S. mission. As a result, people valued images of him above all, which helped preserve more pictures of him than of other crewmembers.
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<p>Did these questions stump you? Go to the next tab to read an explanation of these and other features of the Perry portraits.</p>
<p>If you'd like to see what other learners thought of the images before moving on, answer the polls below. </p>
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<h3 class="poll-header">Poll 2: Likeness</h3>
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<legend class="poll-question">
<p>Which image of Perry did you think was the most accurate?</p>
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<img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/18_000_Perry_Brady.jpg"/>
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<input type="radio" name="choice" id="poll-096e690ea03940eeb128afe40730b578-answer-B" value="B"
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<img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_046i1_Perry_detail.jpg"/>
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<img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_134a_Perry_200.jpg"/>
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<img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/06_066a_Perry_200.jpg"/>
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<img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/51_030_bsscroll_Perry_200.jpg"/>
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<img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_038i_Perry_tengu_200.jpg"/>
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<img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_040i_Perry_200.jpg"/>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reading - Chapter Two: Perry</h2>
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<h3>Reading - Chapter Two: Perry</h3>
<p>Let us wrap-up our discussion of the historical record of the Perry expedition by looking at the Japanese perspective. First, read the chapter on the Perry portraits you just analyzed, and answer the questions that follow.</p>
<p style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.41575em; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">We offer two options for reading:</p>
<ol style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">Read, print, or download the pdfs here in the courseware (refresh the browser if they don't appear)</li>
<li style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Link Thru</strong> to read the chapters on the Visualizing Cultures website (they launch in a new browser window)</li>
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<h3><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Reading - Chapter Two: Perry (PDF)</span></h3>
<p><object data="/assets/courseware/v1/b5994f7697f29ad98540d5a8703a50cf/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/bss_essay_02.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="100%" height="500" internalinstanceid="403" title="">
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<p><strong style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/bss_essay02.html" target="_blank" style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; -webkit-transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: #0079bc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Link Thru</a></strong><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"> if you prefer to read Chapter Two: Perry on the Visualizing Cultures website.</span></p>
<p><strong><a target="_blank" style="text-rendering: optimizelegibility; background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; -webkit-transition: color 0.25s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration: none; color: #0079bc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="media" href="/assets/courseware/v1/b5994f7697f29ad98540d5a8703a50cf/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/bss_essay_02.pdf">Download the pdf </a></strong> (optimized for printing).</p>
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Checkboxes
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1">
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<legend id="03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Despite the often-fanciful representations of Perry and his crew, Professor Dower believes that Japanese images of the U.S. sailors show an awareness of a &#8220;common humanity&#8221; between the two peoples. What evidence does he use to make this argument? Check all that apply.</legend>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1[]" id="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1"> Next to the alarming, demonic portrait of Perry is a poem that links Japan and California
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1[]" id="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1"> Members of the Perry mission were often depicted in Japanese dress
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<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1[]" id="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1"> Some portraits of Perry and his men show great respect and sensitivity to their status, rather than emphasize their barbarian qualities
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<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1[]" id="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1"> Images of Adams&#8217; son emphasized his various virtues, including his filial piety
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<span id="answer_03c00d262dd3467ca4c8adf6cd45ee42_2_1"/>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Japanese Record</h2>
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<h3>Professor Dower Discusses the Japanese Record</h3>
<p>Finally, watch Professor Dower’s discussion of the Japanese record, and answer the question that follows.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 2.5: The Japanese Record</h3>
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<legend id="30a4763ee82a4cae9d66f40993e37982_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is the key difference between the U.S. and Japanese records of the Perry expedition?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_30a4763ee82a4cae9d66f40993e37982_2_1" id="input_30a4763ee82a4cae9d66f40993e37982_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="30a4763ee82a4cae9d66f40993e37982_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_30a4763ee82a4cae9d66f40993e37982_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_30a4763ee82a4cae9d66f40993e37982_2_1"> The U.S. accounts are predominantly visual, while the Japanese accounts are predominantly textual
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