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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Perry's Gunboat Diplomacy</h2>
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<h3>Perry's Gunboat Diplomacy</h3>
<p>Today we will explore the Perry encounter through a geopolitical lens. How did diplomacy work in an age when the world was not entirely divided into nation-states, and language and technology put up serious barriers to communication and intercourse? What does the Perry encounter tell us about the changing balance of power in the nineteenth-century Pacific?</p>
<p>First, listen to Professor Dower discuss the official purpose of the Perry trip. Answer the questions that follow.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.3: Gunboat Diplomacy</h3>
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<legend id="348c0b12275b467f968c884ef5350c92_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What were the four items sought by President Fillmore in the letter addressed to the emperor? You may wish to read through the entire letter <b><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/presletter.html" target="_blank">(click here),</a></b> available on the MIT Visualizing Cultures website. Check the <em>four</em> answers that apply.</legend>
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<legend id="cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Professor Dower describes a dramatic moment of confrontation when U.S. sailors began to survey Edo Bay on July 9, 1853. He argues that the resolution of this conflict was a classic example of &#8220;gunboat diplomacy.&#8221; What does he mean by this phrase?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1" id="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1"> The U.S. and Japanese sides exchanged gunfire before settling a truce
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<input type="radio" name="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1" id="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1"> Although the U.S. and the Japanese eventually reached a diplomatic agreement, it was the overt and overwhelming threat of superior U.S. military power that persuaded the Japanese side to concede to U.S. demands
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<input type="radio" name="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1" id="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cb34f16043d94f718cc522e7ffadcff6_2_1"> Negotiations were carried out onboard a ship at sea to avoid legal issues relating to territorial sovereignty
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Landing & Delivering a Letter</h2>
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<h3>Landing & Delivering a Letter</h3>
<p>Diplomacy is not just about the content of official documents, but also about the form of exchange. Listen to and watch Professor Dower analyze the ceremonial aspect of Perry’s first visit, and then answer the questions that follow.</p>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="5e6dbef9e96644c187835306ef36b891_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why do you think Perry devoted so much attention to the decorative box encasing the letter from President Fillmore? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.5 - Delivering the Letter</h3>
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Multiple Choice
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Look closely at Heine&#8217;s depiction of the ceremony where Perry presented Fillmore&#8217;s letter to the Japanese.</p>
<figure>
<img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/images/01_261L_narr_PresLetter.jpg" alt="depiction of orderly scene under tent and in a building. Japanese samurai seated; cluster of men in Western attire at front of image standing. Caption reads delivery of president's letter."/>
<figcaption>Heine, William. <em>Delivery of the President's Letter</em>. ca. 1856. Lithograph. <em>Narrative of the Expedition</em>. Edited by Francis L. Hawks. Washington, D.C., 1856. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="_blank">CC BY NC SA.</a> <a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/01_261L_narr_PresLetter.htm" target="_blank">[01_261L_narr_PresLetter]</a>
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<legend id="2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How would you describe the difference between the Japanese and the Americans as depicted by Heine?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1" id="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1"> The Japanese are very comfortable, while the Americans look ill at ease in unfamiliar surroundings
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1" id="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1"> The Japanese are very formal, while the Americans comport themselves more casually
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1" id="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1"> Both sides seem to treat the situation seriously, showing deference towards each other
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1" id="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_2430dbe31770454f88972cf79929de11_2_1"> Each side seems comfortable with the other
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Multiple Choice
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>Now look at this Japanese rendering of Perry meeting Japanese officials.</p>
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<img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/images/30_026e_Perry_bow.jpg" alt="Japanese depiction of Perry meeting with Japanese officials. Top of image filled with Japanese text. Perry depicted as demonic figure bowing to man in ornate Japanese samurai attire"/>
<figcaption><em>Perry Taking a Bow to the Japanese Magistrate</em>. 1854. Woodblock print. Ry&#333;senji Treasure Museum. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="_blank">CC BY NC SA.</a> <a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/30_026e_Perry_bow.htm" target="_blank">[30_026e_Perry_bow]</a>
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<legend id="198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">How would you describe the difference between the Japanese and Americans in this depiction?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1" id="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1"> The Japanese are in control, while the Americans are confused and obsequious
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1" id="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1"> The Japanese are strictly formal, while the Americans are confident and poised
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1" id="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1"> Neither side is sure how best to deal with the other
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<input type="radio" name="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1" id="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_198532a6ef814168a09fbada101a9829_2_1"> Both sides are meeting as equals, engaged in a formal diplomatic ceremony
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Multiple Choice
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1">
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<legend id="1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Clearly, the artists of these two images chose to present very different impressions of the formal interaction between Perry and Japanese officials. How might you explain the difference between these two images?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1" id="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1"> Neither side understood the subtext and implications of their interactions, leading to complete confusion and misunderstanding
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1" id="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1"> Heine was a trained artist, whereas the anonymous Japanese artist lacked the skills to portray this complex event
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<input type="radio" name="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1" id="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_1389561ac0964f4dbda167a34ce8fc3c_2_1"> The high political stakes meant that artists were pressured to portray their side more favorably
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Perry Returns & the Treaty of Kanagawa</h2>
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<h3>Perry Returns & the Treaty of Kanagawa</h3>
<p>After delivering President Fillmore’s letter, Perry left Japan for eight months. He returned early in 1854 to hear the Japanese response. Listen to Professor Dower discuss this second visit, and answer the questions that follow.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 3.6: Perry Returns</h3>
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<legend id="094464cac5ac4638b9813772b21fe766_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Perry succeeded in negotiating a treaty between the U.S. and Japan. Known as the Treaty of Kanagawa, it was signed on March 31, 1854. What did the treaty provisions include? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><p>All four lithographs below reflect the exercise of &#8220;gunboat diplomacy&#8221; during the second Perry expedition, when the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed. Which one conveys this display of overwhelming U.S. power most strongly?</p>
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<input type="radio" name="input_4e468400010343aaaabdf3659d21d852_2_1" id="input_4e468400010343aaaabdf3659d21d852_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="4e468400010343aaaabdf3659d21d852_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_4e468400010343aaaabdf3659d21d852_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_4e468400010343aaaabdf3659d21d852_2_1"> Image 1 <p/><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/images/01_346L_narr_PerryCom.jpg" alt="image of a collection of American troops lined up, led by Perry, hoisting American flag going to meet Japanese representatives" width="500"/>
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<p><em>Credits for the images in the above question:</em></p>
<p>All are <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>, and can be found on the Visualizing Cultures website by clicking on the image number.</p>
<p>Image 1: Peters, W.T. <em>Commodore Perry Meeting the Imperial Commissioners at Yokohama</em>. 1856. Lithograph. <em>Narrative of the Expedition</em>. Edited by Francis L. Hawks. Washington, D.C., 1856. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/01_346L_narr_PerryCom.htm" target="[object Object]">01_346L_narr_PerryCom</a>]</p>
<p>Image 2: Exercise<em style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;"> of Troops in Ryosenji Temple Grounds</em><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. 1854. Lithograph. Naval Academy Museum. The Japan Expedition, 1852-1854. Edited by Roger Pineau. Washington, D.C., 1968. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/18_158_Troops_Ryosenji.htm" target="[object Object]">18_158_Troops_Ryosenji</a></span>]</p>
<p><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Image 3: Heine, William. </span><em style="line-height: 25.6px;">Simoda from Vandalia Bluff</em><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">. ca. 1856. Lithograph. </span><em style="line-height: 25.6px;">Narrative of the Expedition</em><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">. Edited by Francis L. Hawks. Washington, D.C., 1856. [</span><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/01_401L_narr_Shimoda.htm" target="[object Object]" style="line-height: 25.6px;">01_401L_narr_Shimoda</a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">]</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Image 4: Heine, William. </span><em style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">Landing at Yokohama</em><span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6em;">. 1854. Lithograph. <em>Narrative of the Expedition</em>. Edited by Francis L. Hawks. Washington, D.C., 1856. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/21_000a_detail_Landing.htm" target="[object Object]">21_000a_detail_Landing</a></span>]</p>
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<p>Heine‘s images of the Perry expedition will come up again, but tomorrow we will shift gears slightly and look at Japanese images of the Perry encounter.</p>
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