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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">The Rise of Militarism & the Road to War</h2>
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<h3>The Rise of Militarism & the Road to War</h3>
<p>Today will be our final lesson. Our subject is a sober one: the rise of militarism and the brutal, aggressive imperialist wars waged by Japan during the 1930s and 1940s. We cannot treat this complex period in full, but we hope to provide a brief outline to help you contextualize the developments we discussed in the previous modules, and provide a bridge to the next EdX course in this sequence: <strong><a href="https://www.edx.org/course/utokyox/utokyox-utokyo001x-visualizing-postwar-1545#.VC7tiildWE4">Visualizing Postwar Tokyo,</a></strong> offered by the University of Tokyo. The lesson will conclude with a final exam for the course that will review material from all the modules to draw out some overarching themes and concepts.</p>
<p>First, Professor Gordon will briefly sketch the trend toward war and expansion that ran parallel to the modernism and cosmopolitanism we explored in the Shiseido module. Then, he will discuss some popular stereotypes about Japan’s descent into war, before offering his interpretation of the forces at play in 1930s Japan. Answer the questions that follow the two clips.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 8.1: Road to War</h3>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 8.2: Modernity & Militarism</h3>
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<legend id="cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Professor Gordon mentions two common stereotypes about Japan&#8217;s militarism in the 1930s. He and Professor Dower will offer more nuanced and complex interpretations in subsequent lectures, but first, what are these stereotypes? Check the two that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1[]" id="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1"> Japan had not fully modernized: militarism was a reactionary, traditionalist development
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1[]" id="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1"> Japan&#8217;s system of parliamentary democracy made it easy for the public to demand war
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1[]" id="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1"> The slavish obedience of the Japanese people to the emperor made them willing and brutal soldiers
</label>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1[]" id="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cbec4045b04f48a8a8ba2eba095c1c2e_2_1"> Ordinary Japanese people were misled by their leaders
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<p>Take a look at the images below, then answer the following question. (Credits below)</p>
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<figure><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/images/e053_1928_PA1525.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/images/e053_1928_PA1525.jpg" alt="Oppose Imperialist Wars poster" /></a> <figcaption> <em> Oppose Imperialist Wars!</em> 1928. Poster. Ōhara Institute for Social Research. </figcaption></figure>
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<figure><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/shiseido_03/sh02_CS_ChainStore/images/sh02_CS_1940_03_1.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/shiseido_03/sh02_CS_ChainStore/images/sh02_CS_1940_03_1.jpg" alt="Shiseido Chainstore poster showing adolescents practicing fighting with wooden poles" /></a> <figcaption> <em> Shiseido Chainstore</em> (Tokyo: Shiseido), 2:3 (March 1940). Shiseido Corporate Archive. </figcaption></figure>
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<figure><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/images/e097_19--_PA1570.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/images/e097_19--_PA1570.jpg" alt="union anti-militarism poster showing figure in red holding arm up to cannon" /></a> <figcaption> Kansai General Workers' Union. <em>Militarism</em>. Poster. Ōhara Institute for Social Research. </figcaption></figure>
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<figure><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/social_protest_japan/gallery/images/trg030_pg30_18Sept1905.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/social_protest_japan/gallery/images/trg030_pg30_18Sept1905.jpg" alt="Tokyo Riot graphic image showing fighting with Japanese flags" /></a> <figcaption> <em> The Tokyo Riot Graphic</em> (Tokyo: Kinji Gahō Company), 66 (September 18, 1905). </figcaption></figure>
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Checkboxes
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<legend id="6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Despite the popular support for empire we saw during the Hibiya Riots, widespread support for empire in 1905 did not translate directly to support for empire during the 1930s. Which images show that the trajectory from 1905 to 1931 was not simply one of growing enthusiasm for empire? Check the two that apply. See above for larger images. <i>Hint: Read the captions!</i></legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1[]" id="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1"> <img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/images/e053_1928_PA1525.jpg" width="20%" alt="Oppose Imperialist Wars poster"/><em> Oppose Imperialist Wars!</em> 1928. Poster. &#332;hara Institute for Social Research.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1[]" id="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1"> <img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/shiseido_03/sh02_CS_ChainStore/images/sh02_CS_1940_03_1.jpg" width="20%" alt="Shiseido Chainstore poster showing adolescents practicing fighting with wooden poles"/><em> Shiseido Chainstore</em> (Tokyo: Shiseido), 2:3 (March 1940). Shiseido Corporate Archive.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1[]" id="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1"> <img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/images/e097_19--_PA1570.jpg" width="20%" alt="union anti-militarism poster showing figure in red holding arm up to cannon"/> Kansai General Workers' Union. <em>Militarism</em>. Poster. &#332;hara Institute for Social Research.
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1[]" id="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_6689e691b09447da98d7e4dc94c46f44_2_1"> <img src="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/social_protest_japan/gallery/images/trg030_pg30_18Sept1905.jpg" width="20%" alt="Tokyo Riot graphic image showing fighting with Japanese flags"/><em> The Tokyo Riot Graphic</em> (Tokyo: Kinji Gah&#333; Company), 66 (September 18, 1905).
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What do the images above tell you about the range of opinions toward empire and militarism in early-twentieth-century Japan? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1" id="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1"> There was universal support for imperial expansion
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<input type="radio" name="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1" id="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1"> Opposition to imperial expansion stemmed from the middle class, who felt threatened by pro-war masses
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<input type="radio" name="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1" id="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1"> Opposition to imperial expansion stemmed from leftist proletarian organizations, who stressed the connection between imperialism and capitalism
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<input type="radio" name="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1" id="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_933da3eb9ce04b0abbf40b6ebc02da2f_2_1"> There was no support for imperial expansion among ordinary people
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<p>Credits for the above images. All images are <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a> <span style="line-height: 25.6px; color: #313131; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">and can be found on the Visualizing Cultures website </span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: #313131;">by clicking on the image number.</span></p>
<p><em>Oppose Imperialist Wars!</em> 1928. Poster. Ōhara Institute for Social Research. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/pages/e053_1928_PA1525.htm" target="[object Object]">e053_1928_PA1525</a>]</p>
<p><em>Shiseido Chainstore</em> (Tokyo: Shiseido), 2:3 (March 1940). Shiseido Corporate Archive. [<a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/shiseido_03/sh02_CS_ChainStore/pages/sh02_CS_1940_03_1.htm" target="[object Object]">sh02_CS_1940_03_1</a>]</p>
<p>Kansai General Workers' Union. <em>Militarism</em>. Poster. Ōhara Institute for Social Research. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/protest_interwar_japan/gal/pij_all/pages/e097_19--_PA1570.htm" target="[object Object]">e097_19--_PA1570</a>]</p>
<p><em>The Tokyo Riot Graphic</em> (Tokyo: Kinji Gahō Company), 66 (September 18, 1905). [<a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/social_protest_japan/gallery/pages/trg030_pg30_18Sept1905.htm" target="[object Object]">trg030_pg30_18Sept1905</a>]</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Modernity & Militarism</h2>
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<h3>Modernity & Militarism</h3>
<p>It is too simplistic to understand Japan’s militarism as either a reactionary, semi-feudal remnant of the past, or as the work of military leaders who tricked the Japanese people into war. Rather, Japan’s militarism was thoroughly modern, and a mixture of coercion and consent explains the relationship between Japan’s leaders and ordinary people. Listen to Professors Dower and Gordon discuss these points in detail, and then answer the questions that follow.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 8.3: Modernity & Militarism</h3>
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<legend id="d2a2882616cc49e8a481c678d2658360_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The extent of popular support for imperialist war has been a controversial and emotionally charged question. Professor Dower highlights a few groups of people that managed to persist in their opposition to the war well after 1931. Who were the most notable opponents of the war? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<p>Professors Dower and Gordon elaborate on the two themes of modernity and the role of ordinary people in the next clip.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 8.5: Cosmopolitanism & the 1930s</h3>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">According to Professor Dower, what is the distinction between &#8220;ordinary&#8221; patriotism or nationalism, and ultranationalism? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1" id="input_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1"> Patriotism and nationalism contributed to imperial expansion by all the major powers in Asia, not just in Japan, while ultranationalism developed more radically in Japan in the 1930s, particularly after 1937
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<input type="radio" name="input_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1" id="input_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_920a7d3dd18b47ed8d5081e8b2ae0281_2_1"> Ordinary patriotism or nationalism is benign, and sometimes healthy, while ultranationalism is an extreme and violent position
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<h3 class="poll-header">Poll 8.1</h3>
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<p>Professor Dower lists a number of domestic developments, including the rise of ultranationalism and increasing totalitarianism, as well as many international developments, including the global depression, arms races, and upheaval in China, a major market for Japan. What set of factors do you think played the greater role in driving Japan’s military expansion? There is no correct answer: select the most persuasive category, and then compare your choice to your fellow students’ answers.</p>
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-b731481f417845969cbe033032b860de-answer-G"><p>Both sets of factors played an equal role in driving Japan's militarism.</p></label>
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<p>In this final clip for the course, Professors Dower and Gordon discuss the balance of coercion and consent at play in determining popular support for the Japanese war effort. They will end with a teaser for a University of Tokyo X course on visualizing postwar Tokyo, which will take up many of the themes from Visualizing Japan. After watching the lecture, please answer the brief questions before moving on to the final comprehensive exam.</p>
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Multiple Choice
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<figcaption>
<p>Imperial Rule Assistance Association. <em>National Mobilization</em>. Poster. &#332;hara Institute for Social Research. [<a target="_blank" href="http://oohara.mt.tama.hosei.ac.jp/museum2/page08.html">PA1257</a>]</p>
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<legend id="3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why did Japanese leaders develop propaganda such as the slogan &#8220;100 million hearts beating as one,&#8221; or the mobilization poster shown here?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1" id="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1"> They strove to emulate methods of wartime mobilization in Western countries
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<input type="radio" name="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1" id="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1"> They needed to overcome the tensions, conflict, and growing diversity and cosmopolitanism in interwar society by stressing unity and harmony
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<input type="radio" name="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1" id="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3941ce2da41748489f984270a706f107_2_1"> They lacked manpower and wanted to encourage more volunteers for the military
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Indoctrination through propaganda formed only one part of the puzzle of support for militarism. The three statements below represent commonly proposed reasons for the rise of Japanese militarism and empire. Which reason does Professor Gordon emphasize in the lecture?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1" id="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1"> Many people were overwhelmed by the changes in their society, and sought the security of strong military leadership
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<input type="radio" name="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1" id="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1"> Many people had a deep and abiding attachment to the emperor, and were willing to support the wars fought in his name
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<input type="radio" name="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1" id="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_cb6e5f6f15cf46e0a9e9b98a5f07704d_2_1"> Many people disliked Western imperialism, and believed that a Japanese version of modernity could be a genuine alternative in Asia
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<p>Two views of the relationship between modernity and militarism emerge in this concluding discussion. One view holds that the tenacious clinging to modernity, whether by Shiseido, leftist intellectuals, or avant-garde artists, reflected an opposition to militarism and war. The other view holds that many people, such as culture critics, believed that modernity was compatible with—and indeed furthered by—militarism and war.</p>
<p>What do you think? Please respond to the two polls below. </p>
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<h3 class="poll-header">Poll 8.2</h3>
<form>
<fieldset class="poll-container">
<legend class="poll-question">
<p>Which of the following corresponds closest to your opinion on whether both professors touch on the two points described above?</p>
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<input type="radio" name="choice" id="poll-cf578d665404421a896796234f80a003-answer-G" value="G"
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-cf578d665404421a896796234f80a003-answer-G"><p>Professor Gordon took the first view, while Professor Dower took the second.</p></label>
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<div class="poll-input-container">
<input type="radio" name="choice" id="poll-cf578d665404421a896796234f80a003-answer-O" value="O"
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<label class="poll-answer-text" for="poll-cf578d665404421a896796234f80a003-answer-O"><p>Neither professor took a clear position.</p></label>
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<input class="input-main" type="button" name="poll-submit" value="Submit" disabled/>
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<span>Thank you.</span>
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<h3 class="poll-header">Poll 8.3</h3>
<form>
<fieldset class="poll-container">
<legend class="poll-question">
<p>Based on your studies in this course, which interpretation of the relationship between modernity and militarism do you find most compelling?</p>
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<h3>Almost There!</h3>
<p>This brings us to the end of our survey of the war years, and almost to the end of Visualizing Japan. The final quiz for the course is up next: this will ask you to synthesize material from all three modules. Good luck!</p>
</div>
</div>
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