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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Historical Context</h2>
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<h3>Historical Context: Medieval & Early-Modern Japan</h3>
<p>Now we will quickly run through the history of Japanese relations with the Western world over the three-hundred years prior to Perry’s visit. This is a cursory overview, but it is essential for understanding the context of Perry’s visit.</p>
<p>Day 3 will culminate in a <strong>timeline exercise</strong> (on page 3), which will outline a chronological framework for the rest of the “Black Ships & Samurai” module.</p>
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<p><strong>Correction:</strong> At 2:44 in the lecture video above, Professor Dower mentions St. Francis Xavier as the founder of the Jesuit order. The actual founder was St. Ignatius of Loyola; St. Francis Xavier was a companion of St. Ignatius <span style="font-size: 1em;">and one of the earliest Jesuit missionaries.</span></p>
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<legend id="279af3e8e3a3489099317b94a2ce6698_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What element of the encounter with Europeans caused Japanese leaders to distrust Western nations, and eventually exclude Westerners from Japan in the late-16th and early-17th centuries? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 2.7: Japanese Seclusion</h3>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_7a073a6df73a4a8297b083963545c71f_2_1[]" id="input_7a073a6df73a4a8297b083963545c71f_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="7a073a6df73a4a8297b083963545c71f_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_7a073a6df73a4a8297b083963545c71f_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_7a073a6df73a4a8297b083963545c71f_2_1"> Japanese leaders were well aware that missionary activity and commercial ties had paved the way to outright conquest in the New World and elsewhere in Asia
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<p>This final clip introduces some of the consequences of seclusion for Japanese society. After watching it, go on to the next page to read more about this historical period.</p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Lecture 2.8: Hidden Christians</h3>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Reading - Chapter One: Introduction</h2>
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<h3>Reading - Chapter One: Introduction</h3>
<p>Please take a moment to read Professor Dower’s historical overview of the Perry expedition.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.41575em; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">You can also<strong style="line-height: 1.4em;"> <a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/bss_essay01.html" target="_blank" style="color: #0079bc; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s linear 0s; -webkit-transition: all 0.1s linear 0s;">Link Thru</a></strong> to read the chapter on the Visualizing Cultures website if you prefer (opens in a new browser window).</p>
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<p>You can also <strong><a href="/assets/courseware/v1/3f1a0b4f0ab3fb18249efae7abfe1b60/asset-v1:MITx+VJx+3T2018+type@asset+block/bss_essay_01.pdf" target="_blank">Download the pdf</a></strong> and print it out.</p>
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<p>Then, answer the questions that follow.</p>
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Multiple Choice
</h3>
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1">
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<legend id="d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">The 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa guaranteed what? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1" id="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1"> Unrestricted trade between Japan and the United States
</label>
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<input type="radio" name="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1" id="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1"> U.S. diplomatic representation in the Japanese capital, Edo
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<input type="radio" name="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1" id="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1"> Military cooperation against other foreign powers
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<input type="radio" name="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1" id="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_d2a321d85e044da0be0d3ed09e797153_2_1"> Safeguards and aid to shipwrecked sailors
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Japanese artists and publishers quickly spread information about Perry&#8217;s visits throughout Japan. Which of the following types of media did not transmit such news? Select the best answer.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1" id="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_0"/><label id="758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1"> Broadsheets
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<input type="radio" name="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1" id="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1"> Photographs
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<input type="radio" name="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1" id="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1"> Woodblock prints
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<input type="radio" name="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1" id="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_3"/><label id="758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_758cbed8ae2945c3863c9d4cc8af2cea_2_1"> Drawings and paintings
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Checkboxes
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<div class="wrapper-problem-response" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Question 1" role="group"><div class="choicegroup capa_inputtype" id="inputtype_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1">
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<legend id="5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Americans were interested in Japan during the 1850s for many reasons. Which of the following is/are NOT reasons for that interest? Check any INCORRECT answers.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1[]" id="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1"> Victory in the Mexican-American War of 1848 secured American control of the Pacific Coast, and buoyed belief in &#8220;Manifest Destiny,&#8221; driving Americans to expand across the Pacific
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1[]" id="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1"> Long-standing involvement in the China trade meant American merchants were constantly looking for quicker routes to Canton (Guangzhou)
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1[]" id="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1"> The rising popularity of Japanese literature in the mid-nineteenth century piqued the curiosity of wealthy American would-be tourists
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1[]" id="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1"> The bountiful whaling grounds off Japan attracted wealthy New England whaling interests
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1[]" id="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_5f3623a5db3d4cb1a5051c9d6820adf8_2_1"> U.S. missionaries desired to convert the &#8220;heathen&#8221; Japanese to Christianity
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<legend id="0b66d4356d3847ad912c69094a0fe529_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the following were sources of information from which Japanese learned about the United States prior to the Perry missions? Check all that apply.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_0b66d4356d3847ad912c69094a0fe529_2_1[]" id="input_0b66d4356d3847ad912c69094a0fe529_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="0b66d4356d3847ad912c69094a0fe529_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_0b66d4356d3847ad912c69094a0fe529_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_0b66d4356d3847ad912c69094a0fe529_2_1"> Japanese castaways
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Timeline Visual Exercise</h2>
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<h3>Timeline Visual Exercise</h3>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="font-size: 1em;">First, take a look at the images below. You can click to enlarge them.</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="font-size: 1em;">Then, u</span><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">sing information from the first lectures, as well as from the essay, complete the timeline that follows by matching images to the appropriate timeline entry. </span></p>
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<td width="25%">Image 1<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_016a_Dejima.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/02_016a_Dejima.jpg" alt="Dutch Ship Entering the Harbor" /></a></td>
<td width="25%">Image 2<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/06_012_Xavier.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/06_012_Xavier.jpg" alt="Portrait of Francisco de Xavier" /></a></td>
<td width="25%">Image 3<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_008a_fortytwolands.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/30_008a_fortytwolands.jpg" alt="Peoples of Forty-two Lands" /></a></td>
<td width="25%">Image 4<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/77_001_Manjiro.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/77_001_Manjiro.jpg" alt="portrait of John Manjiro" /></a></td>
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<td>Image 5<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/17_125a_Fumie.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/17_125a_Fumie.jpg" alt="Fumi-e of the Virgin Mary" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></a></td>
<td>Image 6<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/76_097_WhaleShip.jpg"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/76_097_WhaleShip.jpg " alt="The Spermacetti Whale" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></a></td>
<td>Image 7<a href="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/40_004_ships.jpg" class="modal-content"><img src="https://files.edx.org/vjx/bss/40_004_ships.jpg" alt="Assembled Paintings of Commodore Perry's Visit" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></a></td>
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<p>Credits for the images in the above gallery. All images are <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" target="[object Object]">CC BY NC SA</a>, and can be found on the Visualizing Cultures website by clicking on the image number at the end of each entry.</p>
<p>Kawahara Keiga. <em>Dutch Ship Entering the Harbor</em>. Early-19th century. Hand scroll. Nagasaki Municipal Museum. Worlds Revealed. Edited by Peabody Essex Museum and Edo-Tokyo Museum. Tokyo, 1999. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/02_016a_Dejima.htm" target="[object Object]">02_016a_Dejima</a>]</p>
<p>Portrait of Francisco de Xavier. Early-17th century. Painting. Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum. Nagasaki, Yokohama, Tokyo fūbutsushi ten zuroku. Nagasaki, 1996. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/06_012_Xavier.htm" target="[object Object]">06_012_Xavier</a>]</p>
<p><em style="line-height: 25.6px;">Peoples of Forty-two Lands</em><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">. ca. 1720. Painting. Ryosenji Treasure Museum, Shimoda. [</span><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/30_008a_fortytwolands.htm" target="[object Object]" style="line-height: 25.6px;">30_008a_fortytwolands</a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">]</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Portrait of John Manjirō. Photograph. Visualizing Cultures. [</span><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/77_001_Manjiro.htm" target="[object Object]" style="line-height: 25.6px;">77_001_Manjiro</a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">]</span></span></p>
<p>Hagiwara Yusa. Fumi-e of the Virgin Mary. 1669. Bronze plaque. Tokyo National Museum. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/17_125a_Fumie.htm" target="[object Object]">17_125a_Fumie</a>]</p>
<p><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Steward, J. and Lizars, W. </span><em style="line-height: 25.6px;">The Spermacetti Whale</em><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">. 1837. Lithograph. New Bedford Whaling Museum. Moby-Dick: A Picture Voyage. By Hermann Melville. New Bedford, MA, 2002. [</span><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/76_097_WhaleShip.htm" target="[object Object]" style="line-height: 25.6px;">76_097_WhaleShip</a><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">]</span></p>
<p>Assembled Paintings of Commodore Perry's Visit. 19th century. Eight-fold screen. Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo. [<a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/gallery/pages/40_004_ships.htm" target="[object Object]">40_004_ships</a>]</p>
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