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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Identifying Aguinaldo</h2>
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<p>As we discussed in an earlier unit, Emilio Aguinaldo inspired a wide spectrum of representations in the American media and press. Look through the following images. Some of them will depict Aguinaldo, and some of them don't. Then, answer the checkbox question below. Click on the images to enlarge.</p>
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<tr>
<td width="33%">
<p>Image 1<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" alt="a dark skinned man topless, wearing a grass skirt and grass anklets, holding a roll of paper labeled "Aguinaldo Credentials", shaking two outstretched hands while walking into the Democratic National Convention, followed in line by three white men in suits holding papers labeled, "Hoar Credentials" and "Wellington Credentials"" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e5a75530b6c9a940430abbaeca8c8e82/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_7-27-j-041_46_b_168d35.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p>Image 2<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" alt="Uncle Sam sitting, spanking a dark-skinned child labeled "Filipino" lying face down on his lap with a handful of sticks, his top hat and coat lying on the ground next to him, a slip of paper labeled "Spanish Receipt For $20,000,000" in his hat." src="/assets/courseware/v1/f3601f4ad92c48be87b56c9af2f1319d/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_3-28-s-033_46_b_168d46.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
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<p>Image 3<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,4)" alt="Uncle Sam chasing a dark-skinned, topless man wearing a grass skirt labeled "Filipino" and holding a rifle, while several men on an island labeled "Europe" watch in the background. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/555383b46a908799bf71be45b38e1000/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_5-1-w-013_46_be_168d44.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
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<p>Image 4<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,6)" alt="Uncle Sam neck-deep in water with a crying baby labeled "Philippines" on his back, the words "Insurrection" on the water in front of him, a smiling man sitting on an island labeled "Spain in the background" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e08cfd684d5d46350d34415596fadc85/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_9-25-w-051_46_b_168d42.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
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<td>Image 5<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,8)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="A photograph of Aguinaldo wearing a white suit sitting in a chair, looking at and holding the shoulder of a young child in similar clothing on his knee, presumably at home/someone's home." src="/assets/courseware/v1/92630cab9dc7e9f2a571b97b3bac9696/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_1906_son_flkr.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 6<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,10)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Portrait of Aguinaldo captioned, "General Emilio Aguinaldo, Vice-President of Rizal-Refining Co. And..."" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e5a83adedb61656302fa494c2361b342/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_1916_12736a_loc.jpg" /></td>
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<tr>
<td>Image 7<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,12)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Posed, full-body portrait of Aguinaldo(?) in a soldier's uniform." src="/assets/courseware/v1/175dc6b6620f55f181b0211b4d51f931/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_f8e9cc24fc_flkr.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 8<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,14)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Photograph of five people; two men in white suits standing in the back, an old lady, a child, and a woman sitting in the front, also wearing white." src="/assets/courseware/v1/af89b40c2cfafa793b960f5c84585239/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_family_03b_17c165.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 9<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,16)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Full-body portrait of Aguinaldo(?) in a soldier's uniform, captioned "Aguinaldo as President of the Republic. Born 9th May, 1869."" src="/assets/courseware/v1/9b0afd50feed9592782675c8d35d9920/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_uniform_bk_crop.jpg" /></td>
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<td>Image 10<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,18)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Photograph of Aguinaldo(?) in a white suit standing in the corner of a room, holding the back of a chair in front of him." src="/assets/courseware/v1/9d679e9c736f424a595bc7f4d57a4811/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899-1901_uwisc_ph00_168d55.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 11<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,20)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Photograph of two Filipino(?) soldiers standing side-by-side, with more in background." src="/assets/courseware/v1/2be1e7d88d41e381a00b98e9ab76e9e1/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_23dec_harpers_m_17cf43.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 12<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,22)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="6 U.S. Army officers standing in a line" src="/assets/courseware/v1/bc8d53d0992d6b7589cc7517758b032a/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899-1901_uwisc_ph00_168dd6.jpg" /></td>
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<tr>
<td>Image 13<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,24)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Cartoon of hite man and a small monkey labeled "Aguinaldo" sitting on a boat with an American flag, the man's two hand holding anchor lines tied to small islands labeled "Philippines" surrounding his boat, two men in two European boats watching in the background" src="/assets/courseware/v1/bf02fd66a7753bcb550be3624750eeac/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1898_8-31-q-056_46_b_168d3d.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 14<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,26)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Cartoon of a big boot and striped pants stepping on an island labeled "Philippines," small man in a hat labeled "Aguinaldo" and carrying a gun peering from behind the boot, a sign labeled "Notice\ The U.S. is requested to withdraw P.D.Q. \(signed) Aguinaldo"" src="/assets/courseware/v1/dce95da808f353010ed1f9b7cc3b96d3/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_2-4-o-067_46_be_168d38.jpg" /></td>
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<p>Click on the images to see a larger version.</p>
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Checkboxes
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<legend id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Which of the images above depict Aguinaldo? Select all correct answers. You may need to look at the larger images in the gallery above to get this question correct.</legend>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_0" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_0"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_0-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_0" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 1<br/><img alt="a dark skinned man topless, wearing a grass skirt and grass anklets, holding a roll of paper labeled &quot;Aguinaldo Credentials&quot;, shaking two outstretched hands while walking into the Democratic National Convention, followed in line by three white men in suits holding papers labeled, &quot;Hoar Credentials&quot; and &quot;Wellington Credentials&quot;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e5a75530b6c9a940430abbaeca8c8e82/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_7-27-j-041_46_b_168d35.jpg" width="15%"/>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_1"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 2<br/><img alt="Uncle Sam sitting, spanking a dark-skinned child labeled &quot;Filipino&quot; lying face down on his lap with a handful of sticks, his top hat and coat lying on the ground next to him, a slip of paper labeled &quot;Spanish Receipt For $20,000,000&quot; in his hat." src="/assets/courseware/v1/f3601f4ad92c48be87b56c9af2f1319d/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_3-28-s-033_46_b_168d46.jpg" width="15%"/>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_2"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 3<br/><img alt="Uncle Sam chasing a dark-skinned, topless man wearing a grass skirt labeled &quot;Filipino&quot; and holding a rifle, while several men on an island labeled &quot;Europe&quot; watch in the background. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/555383b46a908799bf71be45b38e1000/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_5-1-w-013_46_be_168d44.jpg" width="15%"/>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_3" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_3"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_3-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_3" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 4<br/><img alt="Uncle Sam neck-deep in water with a crying baby labeled &quot;Philippines&quot; on his back, the words &quot;Insurrection&quot; on the water in front of him, a smiling man sitting on an island labeled &quot;Spain in the background" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e08cfd684d5d46350d34415596fadc85/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_9-25-w-051_46_b_168d42.jpg" width="15%"/>
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<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_4" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_4"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_4-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_4" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 5<br/><img alt="A photograph of Aguinaldo wearing a white suit sitting in a chair, looking at and holding the shoulder of a young child in similar clothing on his knee, presumably at home/someone's home." src="/assets/courseware/v1/92630cab9dc7e9f2a571b97b3bac9696/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_1906_son_flkr.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_5" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_5"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_5-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_5" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 6<br/><img alt="Portrait of Aguinaldo captioned, &quot;General Emilio Aguinaldo, Vice-President of Rizal-Refining Co. And...&quot;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e5a83adedb61656302fa494c2361b342/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_1916_12736a_loc.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_6" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_6"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_6-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_6" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 7<br/><img alt="Posed, full-body portrait of Aguinaldo(?) in a soldier's uniform. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/175dc6b6620f55f181b0211b4d51f931/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_f8e9cc24fc_flkr.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_7" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_7"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_7-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_7" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 8<br/><img alt="Photograph of five people; two men in white suits standing in the back, an old lady, a child, and a woman sitting in the front, also wearing white. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/af89b40c2cfafa793b960f5c84585239/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_family_03b_17c165.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_8" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_8"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_8-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_8" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 9<br/><img alt="Full-body portrait of Aguinaldo(?) in a soldier's uniform, captioned &quot;Aguinaldo as President of the Republic. Born 9th May, 1869.&quot; " src="/assets/courseware/v1/9b0afd50feed9592782675c8d35d9920/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/aguinaldo_uniform_bk_crop.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_9" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_9"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_9-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_9" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 10<br/><img alt="Photograph of Aguinaldo(?) in a white suit standing in the corner of a room, holding the back of a chair in front of him. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/9d679e9c736f424a595bc7f4d57a4811/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899-1901_uwisc_ph00_168d55.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_10" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_10"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_10-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_10" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 11<br/><img alt="Photograph of two Filipino(?) soldiers standing side-by-side, with more in background." src="/assets/courseware/v1/2be1e7d88d41e381a00b98e9ab76e9e1/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_23dec_harpers_m_17cf43.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_11" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_11"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_11-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_11" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 12<br/><img alt="6 U.S. Army officers standing in a line" src="/assets/courseware/v1/bc8d53d0992d6b7589cc7517758b032a/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899-1901_uwisc_ph00_168dd6.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_12" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_12"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_12-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_12" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 13<br/><img alt="Cartoon of hite man and a small monkey labeled &quot;Aguinaldo&quot; sitting on a boat with an American flag, the man's two hand holding anchor lines tied to small islands labeled &quot;Philippines&quot; surrounding his boat, two men in two European boats watching in the background" src="/assets/courseware/v1/bf02fd66a7753bcb550be3624750eeac/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1898_8-31-q-056_46_b_168d3d.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<div class="field">
<input type="checkbox" name="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1[]" id="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_13" class="field-input input-checkbox" value="choice_13"/><label id="3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1-choice_13-label" for="input_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1_choice_13" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"> Image 14<br/><img alt="Cartoon of a big boot and striped pants stepping on an island labeled &quot;Philippines,&quot; small man in a hat labeled &quot;Aguinaldo&quot; and carrying a gun peering from behind the boot, a sign labeled &quot;Notice\ The U.S. is requested to withdraw P.D.Q. \(signed) Aguinaldo&quot;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/dce95da808f353010ed1f9b7cc3b96d3/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_2-4-o-067_46_be_168d38.jpg" width="15%"/>
</label>
</div>
<span id="answer_3c7cd4e04ff941ea9624ad6fb44880c8_2_1"/>
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<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="True" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@vertical+block@65548e0c8116447a9bef06bdbca94b96" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-block-type="vertical" data-request-token="ce324124037d11efb62602329aca76dd" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019">
<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">White Man's Burden</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
<div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@html+block@10497489ab614ff5bcef566c036023e1">
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<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
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<p>Study the image below, then examine the set of cartoons that follow. One of these cartoons was probably an inspiration for this stereograph. Which do you think is the closest? Please complete the exercises below.</p>
<script>// <![CDATA[
var data = ["/assets/courseware/v1/0db8b425cc31771145d49ea82030a155/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_3b07656u_loc_1500w.jpg", 'Caption: 9964-The Philippines, Porto Rico and Cuba-- Uncle Sam\'s Burden. (With apologies to Mr. Kipling.)',
'/assets/courseware/v1/74d86f1c570f6d11d3e2b22e746aa557/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb36-022_puck_1899_18980125_yale_cc_1500w.jpeg', 'Caption: “School Begins.”<br>Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): “Now, children, you’ve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!”',
'/assets/courseware/v1/6eb39369d6b83354d89ea11364fc67e5/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb25-141_1899_Judge_d_10386_osurop_1500w.jpeg','Caption: "The White Man\'s Burden." (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling.)',
'/assets/courseware/v1/dfac5193bda4a53be3abb741e8d463c4/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb26-139_1899_March16_WllmHWalker_WhManB_LifeMag_Princetonrop_1500w.jpeg', 'Caption: “The White (!) Man’s Burden”',
'/assets/courseware/v1/a18154f54a754c21a5cdd8fbdd98b530/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb20-226_1901_June27_212-213_TheirDream_1500w.jpeg','Caption: “Leur rêve.” Translation: “Their dream.”']; //data has image name, then caption if applicable.
var captions = true; //set to false if you don't want captions, set to true if you do.
var sidebarOpen = false; //lets toggleSidebar function know whether it's open or not.
var bookmark = 0; //sets the album start on the index of data (first image)
function album(data,index){
$('#vpxMain').append("<div id='vpxOverlay'><img alt='' id='vpxImage' src='" + data[index] + "'/><button type='button' id='vpxLeft' onclick='turnPage(-2)' class='asText'><img alt='left button' src='/assets/courseware/v1/5f6befa3d9798df3a129c4f061fdfec0/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/left.png'/></button><button type='button' id='vpxRight' onclick='turnPage(2)' class='asText'><img alt='right button' src='/assets/courseware/v1/37f47577dcbcd2016ae60761c914b84f/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/right.png'/><button class='asText' id='vpxClose' onclick='closeAlbum()'><p style='color:white';>[X] Return to Thumbnails</p></button></div>"); //create the overlay. This is made to cover the avaliable space, and fixed so scrolling is ineffectual.
if(captions){ //only add sidebar if you want captions
$('#vpxOverlay').append("<div id='vpxSidebar'><p id='vpxVert' onclick='toggleSidebar()'><strong>Show Info</strong></p><p id='vpxData'>" + data[index+1] + "</p></div>");
}
bookmark = index
//need to make sure the sidebar is properly hidden with tab showing.
var right = Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('width').slice(0,-2)) - 40; //width of the sidebar minus the tab that needs to show (negative).
$('#vpxSidebar').css('right','-'+right+'px'); //pull it right offscreen by this much
var shift = (Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('height').slice(0,-2))-60)/2; //equation gotten by seeing what screen sizes needed what margin for the vertical text to show up right.
$('#vpxVert').css('margin-left','' + shift + 'px');
toggleSidebar();
}
window.onresize = function(){
if(!sidebarOpen){ //only change the sidebar shift if it's still closed.
var right = Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('width').slice(0,-2)) - 40; //width of the sidebar minus the tab that needs to show (negative).
$('#vpxSidebar').css('right','-'+right+'px'); //pull it right offscreen by this much
}
var shift = (Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('height').slice(0,-2))-60)/2; //equation gotten by seeing what screen sizes needed what margin for the vertical text to show up right.
$('#vpxVert').css('margin-left','' + shift + 'px');
}
function closeAlbum(){
$('#vpxOverlay').remove();
}
$(document).keyup(function(e) {
if (e.keyCode == 27) { // Esc
closeAlbum();
}
else if (e.keyCode == 39) {
turnPage(2);
}
else if (e.keyCode == 37) {
turnPage(-2);
}
});
function turnPage(direction){
bookmark += direction; //left calls this with -2, right calls it with +2
if(bookmark===-2){ //check if we're wrapping around the back of the album
bookmark = data.length - 2; //get to last item in data
}
if(bookmark===data.length){ //check if we're at the end and wrapping around to the front
bookmark = 0; //go back to the first item in data
}
$('#vpxImage').attr('src',data[bookmark]);
$('#vpxData').empty().append(data[bookmark+1]);
}
function toggleSidebar(){
if(sidebarOpen){ //if the sidebar is currently open
var right = Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('width').slice(0,-2)) - 40; //width of the sidebar minus the tab that needs to show (negative).
$('#vpxSidebar').animate({'right':'-' + right + 'px'},function(){
sidebarOpen = false;
$('#vpxVert').empty().append('<button type="button" class="asText"><strong>Show Info</strong></button>');
$('#vpxImage').css('max-height','100%');
});
}
else{ //if the sidebar is closed.
$('#vpxSidebar').animate({'right':'0px'},function(){
sidebarOpen = true;
$('#vpxVert').empty().append('<button type="button" class="asText"><strong>Hide Info</strong></button>');
$('#vpxImage').css('max-height','90%');
});
}
}
// ]]></script>
<p>Click on the image to see a larger version. </p>
<style><!--
#vpxMain{
font-family:'open sans';
font-size:12pt;
}
#vpxOverlay{
position:fixed;
width:100%;
height:100%;
background:url('/assets/courseware/v1/6f040fbb4f806379997b7068fda1fe78/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/overlay.png') repeat;
top:0;
left:0;
z-index:999;
}
#vpxImage{
display:block;
margin:auto;
max-width:88%;
max-height:100%;
}
#vpxLeft{
position:absolute;
display:block;
top:45%;
left:10px;
width:60px;
height:auto;
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxRight{
position:absolute;
display:block;
top:45%;
right:10px;
width:60px;
height:auto;
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxClose{
position:absolute;
top:5px;
right:5px;
margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;
color:white;
font-family:'open sans';
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxSidebar{
position:absolute;
bottom:0px;
width:100%;
height:10%;
border-bottom-left-radius:10px;
border-top-left-radius:10px;
background-color:#E2E2E2;
}
#vpxVert{
position:relative;
display:inline-block;
float:left;
height:100%;
margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;
transform:rotate(270deg);
-ms-transform:rotate(270deg); /* IE 9 */
-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg); /* Opera, Chrome, and Safari */
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxData{
position:absolute;
left:40px;
right:40px;
height:90%;
overflow:auto;
}
.asText {
background:none;
border:none;
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
--></style>
<div id="vpxMain" style="overflow: hidden;"><img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="white soldier carrying three dark-skinned children wrapped in an American flag on his back" src="/assets/courseware/v1/61fa194a10ef59582c9c757f32db1cd9/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_LOC_3b39520u_WhMansBurden_4000w.jpg" /><br /> <br /> <br />
<table style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Image 1<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Uncle Sam as a school teacher looms over four dark-skinned children labeled Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba, with other lighter-skinned children sitting in the back rows of a school house." src="/assets/courseware/v1/ea559b2f60c1d3aa9cab5be92d9fcb19/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb36-022_puck_1899_18_1b4a6.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 2<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,4)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="John Bull and Uncle Sam, carrying baskets of children representing their imperial conquests, climb up a hill of rocks towards a female goddess labeled 'civilization'" src="/assets/courseware/v1/e9eb53a13b0b0ab64922927e90d02beb/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb25-141_1899_judge_d_1b489.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 3<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,6)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="illustration of a Filipino man carrying Uncle Sam on his back, followed by an Indian man carrying John Bull and an African man carrying Kaiser Wilhelm " src="/assets/courseware/v1/24650049de9db0183345293e86188281/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb26-139_1899_march16_1b48d.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 4<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,8)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Male personifications of the U.S. and Britain lifting poles supporting the globe." src="/assets/courseware/v1/86b2b02977fc199fe227e72748774ae4/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/cb20-226_1901_june27__1b474.jpg" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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</div>
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Dropdown
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<p>Do you think the stereograph was staged?</p>
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<span>Thank you.</span>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3) Appearances and Captions</h2>
<div class="vert-mod">
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<p>Now, turn your attention to this hand-colored album photograph that features uniformed soldiers. Take note of their dress, the setting, and their positioning in the photograph. Do you think that they part of the Filipino revolutionary force, or are they fighting with American forces? Proceed by completing the exercises below.</p>
<p><img alt="a row of men dressed in white clothing and wearing yellow straw hats standing behind a large fountain" src="/assets/courseware/v1/a5ebc9d4670a391907cbe0acf562f596/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_neely_amnewposs_23_nocaption.jpeg" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="100%" /></p>
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<p>What is your opinion: Are the soldiers part of the Filipino revolutionary force, or are they fighting with the American force?</p>
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<span>Thank you.</span>
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<p>Now, we have included the image with its original caption. Carefully read the caption (if you have difficulty reading it, it is also provided in the text below). </p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/cbfbb34c4b79ebcb73cfae700e468166/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899_neely_amnewposs_23.jpg" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="100%" alt="a row of men dressed in white clothing and wearing yellow straw hats standing behind a large fountain" /></p>
<p>Caption: "No photograph can give an adequate idea of the native soldiers in their spotless uniforms of white-duck waist-coat and trousers, with hats of Manila straw. Their guileless and innocent appearance is a good cover for their crafty natures."</p>
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<span>Thank you.</span>
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<p>Finally, look at this image below. Do you think the caption for the previous image could apply here as well?</p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/bc8d53d0992d6b7589cc7517758b032a/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899-1901_uwisc_ph00_168dd6.jpg" alt="6 U.S. Army officers in white clothing standing in a line" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" preventdefault="function (){r.isDefaultPrevented=n}" stoppropagation="function (){r.isPropagationStopped=n}" stopimmediatepropagation="function (){r.isImmediatePropagationStopped=n}" isdefaultprevented="function t(){return!1}" ispropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" isimmediatepropagationstopped="function t(){return!1}" width="100%" /></p>
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<p>The caption to the first image describes "<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">spotless uniforms of white-duck waist-coat and trousers," which could apply to both images. It goes on to undercut the neat appearance of that uniforms create by attributing "crafty natures" to the enemy soldiers. The words in captions often attempt to control how we see images.</span></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4) What is a Prisoner of War?</h2>
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<p>There are many pictures of Filipino prisoners of war captured by American soldiers, like the one below. What is the definition of a prisoner of war? Who is depicted in this photograph? Who are the civilians, the American soldiers, and the Filipino prisoners? After you study this image, move on to the exercises below.</p>
<p>Click on the image to see a larger version. </p>
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<p></p>
<p>Caption: Prisoners of War at Pasig, Philippine Islands. Copyright 1899.</p>
<p>If you'd like to see an even larger version of the image, <a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/photography_and_power/gallery/images/00353u_pows.jpg" target="[object Object]">click here</a> (you can click on the image to zoom in further). </p>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="deab445cecc7474384e53f73240c7a2d_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">What is one effect of guerilla warfare, the form of fighting that conflict tended to assume during the Philippine-American War, on the local civilian population?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">5) Group Photos (Includes Discussion)</h2>
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'/assets/courseware/v1/f91f8576085eb2eec9a451f31624079c/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900_kilburn004_antph.jpg', 'Original caption on stereograph: “‘Quanto Valo’ scene in camp of the 10th Infantry, P.I.”<br>1900 stereograph published by B. W. Kilburn<br>Source: Antique Photographs <a href="http://antiquephotographics.com/stereoviews/philippines-stereos/" target="_blank">[view]</a>',
'/assets/courseware/v1/bebbcf742e079e4caa30c25dd1907ee7/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900c_loc_3c03385u__1638b5.jpg', '',
'/assets/courseware/v1/484b0970f6e1d136b7d7d3d154575ba2/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900c_filipinoinsurg_168e35.jpg', 'Filipino insurgents surrendering during the Philippine-American War, c. 1900.<br>National Archives and Records Administration (ARC Indentifier: 542454)<br><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-American-War" target="_blank">Source</a>',
'/assets/courseware/v1/eccc7c90c9ead68474106ece2e720a99/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900-23c_loc_3c0338_1638bf.jpg', ' Girls at the Kabayan school with their teacher, Mr. Mass<br>Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Islands<br>Source: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91730281/" target="_blank">Library of Congress</a>']; //data has image name, then caption if applicable.
var captions = true; //set to false if you don't want captions, set to true if you do.
///After here should stay where it is
var bookmark = 0;
var sidebarOpen = false; //lets toggleSidebar function know whether it's open or not.
function album(data,index){
$('#vpxMain').append("<div id='vpxOverlay'><img alt='' id='vpxImage' src='" + data[index] + "'/><button type='button' id='vpxLeft' onclick='turnPage(-2)' class='asText'><img alt='left button' src='/assets/courseware/v1/5f6befa3d9798df3a129c4f061fdfec0/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/left.png'/></button><button type='button' id='vpxRight' onclick='turnPage(2)' class='asText'><img alt='right button' src='/assets/courseware/v1/37f47577dcbcd2016ae60761c914b84f/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/right.png'/><button class='asText' id='vpxClose' onclick='closeAlbum()'><p style='color:white';>[X] Return to Thumbnails</p></button></div>"); //create the overlay. This is made to cover the avaliable space, and fixed so scrolling is ineffectual.
if(captions){ //only add sidebar if you want captions
$('#vpxOverlay').append("<div id='vpxSidebar'><p id='vpxVert' onclick='toggleSidebar()'><strong>Show Info</strong></p><p id='vpxData'>"
+ data[index+1] + "</p></div>");
}
//EDITED HERE, INDEX STARTS AT 0
bookmark = index; //sets the album start on the 0 index of data (first image)
//need to make sure the sidebar is properly hidden with tab showing.
var right = Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('width').slice(0,-2)) - 40; //width of the sidebar minus the tab that needs to show (negative).
$('#vpxSidebar').css('right','-'+right+'px'); //pull it right offscreen by this much
var shift = (Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('height').slice(0,-2))-60)/2; //equation gotten by seeing what screen sizes needed what margin for the vertical text to show up right.
$('#vpxVert').css('margin-left','' + shift + 'px');
toggleSidebar();
}
window.onresize = function(){
if(!sidebarOpen){ //only change the sidebar shift if it's still closed.
var right = Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('width').slice(0,-2)) - 40; //width of the sidebar minus the tab that needs to show (negative).
$('#vpxSidebar').css('right','-'+right+'px'); //pull it right offscreen by this much
}
var shift = (Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('height').slice(0,-2))-60)/2; //equation gotten by seeing what screen sizes needed what margin for the vertical text to show up right.
$('#vpxVert').css('margin-left','' + shift + 'px');
}
function closeAlbum(){
$('#vpxOverlay').remove();
}
$(document).keyup(function(e) {
if (e.keyCode == 27) { // Esc
closeAlbum();
}
else if (e.keyCode == 39) {
turnPage(2);
}
else if (e.keyCode == 37) {
turnPage(-2);
}
});
function turnPage(direction){
bookmark += direction; //left calls this with -2, right calls it with +2
if(bookmark===-2){ //check if we're wrapping around the back of the album
bookmark = data.length - 2; //get to last item in data
}
if(bookmark===data.length){ //check if we're at the end and wrapping around to the front
bookmark = 0; //go back to the first item in data
}
$('#vpxImage').attr('src',data[bookmark]);
$('#vpxData').empty().append(data[bookmark+1]);
}
function toggleSidebar(){
if(sidebarOpen){ //if the sidebar is currently open
var right = Number($('#vpxSidebar').css('width').slice(0,-2)) - 40; //width of the sidebar minus the tab that needs to show (negative).
$('#vpxSidebar').animate({'right':'-' + right + 'px'},function(){
sidebarOpen = false;
$('#vpxVert').empty().append('<button type="button" class="asText"><strong>Show Info</strong></button>');
$('#vpxImage').css('max-height','100%');
});
}
else{ //if the sidebar is closed.
$('#vpxSidebar').animate({'right':'0px'},function(){
sidebarOpen = true;
$('#vpxVert').empty().append('<button type="button" class="asText"><strong>Hide Info</strong></button>');
$('#vpxImage').css('max-height','70%');
});
}
}
// ]]></script>
</p>
<style><!--
#vpxMain{
font-family:'open sans';
font-size:12pt;
}
#vpxOverlay{
position:fixed;
width:100%;
height:100%;
background:url('/assets/courseware/v1/6f040fbb4f806379997b7068fda1fe78/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/overlay.png') repeat;
top:0;
left:0;
z-index:999;
}
#vpxImage{
display:block;
margin:auto;
max-width:88%;
max-height:100%;
}
#vpxLeft{
position:absolute;
display:block;
top:45%;
left:10px;
width:60px;
height:auto;
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxRight{
position:absolute;
display:block;
top:45%;
right:10px;
width:60px;
height:auto;
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxClose{
position:absolute;
top:5px;
right:5px;
margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;
color:white;
font-family:'open sans';
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxSidebar{
position:absolute;
bottom:0px;
width:100%;
height:30%;
border-bottom-left-radius:10px;
border-top-left-radius:10px;
background-color:#E2E2E2;
}
#vpxVert{
position:relative;
display:inline-block;
float:left;
height:100%;
margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;
transform:rotate(270deg);
-ms-transform:rotate(270deg); /* IE 9 */
-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg); /* Opera, Chrome, and Safari */
cursor:pointer;
}
#vpxData{
position:absolute;
left:50px;
right:40px;
height:90%;
overflow:auto;
}
.asText {
background:none;
border:none;
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
--></style>
<div id="vpxMain" style="overflow: hidden;">
<p>Now, look through the following images. How do people present themselves as a group? Pay especial attention to the composition and formation of each group, and think about how the photograph might have been taken. You can click on each image to enlarge. Afterwards, please complete the exercises that follow.</p>
<table id="cb2" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="33%">
<p>Image 1<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,0)" alt="American soldiers lying/standing in three rows, in baseball uniform, in front of a large American flag, posing for photograph" src="/assets/courseware/v1/22869b90e539474b09a3a058ca37824f/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1899c_stuenami_ambas_17c15d.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p>Image 2<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,2)" alt="Large group of American men, all wearing hats, lying down/sitting/squatting/standing inside a wooden building for photograph" src="/assets/courseware/v1/60afed340648c41465c375c51a54fb5c/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900_kilburn002_antph.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
</td>
<td width="33%">
<p>Image 3<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,4)" alt="A white soldier conversing with a Filipino soldier in foreground, rows of Filipino soldier standing at attention behind. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/f91f8576085eb2eec9a451f31624079c/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900_kilburn004_antph.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Image 4<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,6)" alt="Young Filipino boys wearing white, sitting on benches in rows, weaving baskets, two older men standing in between benches and observing/demonstrating to students" src="/assets/courseware/v1/bebbcf742e079e4caa30c25dd1907ee7/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900c_loc_3c03385u__1638b5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer;" /></p>
</td>
<td>Image 5<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,8)" style="cursor: pointer;" alt="Large group of Filipino men outdoors, soldiers holding rifles kneeling in the front and unarmed men in white standing in the back. " src="/assets/courseware/v1/484b0970f6e1d136b7d7d3d154575ba2/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900c_filipinoinsurg_168e35.jpg" /></td>
<td>Image 6<img href="#" tabindex="0" onclick="album(data,10)" style="cursor: pointer;" src="/assets/courseware/v1/eccc7c90c9ead68474106ece2e720a99/asset-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@asset+block/1900-23c_loc_3c0338_1638bf.jpg" alt="Photo of Filipino girls wearing striped shirts/skirts and white head wraps, sitting/standing in four rows, a white man in a suit standing in the back right. " /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@html+block@789b2f3e539140d287e787abe30ba684">
<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlBlock" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-version="1" data-graded="True" data-usage-id="block-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019+type@html+block@789b2f3e539140d287e787abe30ba684" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="ce324124037d11efb62602329aca76dd" data-course-id="course-v1:MITx+VPx+1T2019">
<script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args">
{"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"}
</script>
<p><strong>Image Captions/Credits</strong> (from left to right, top to bottom):</p>
<p>This ca. 1900 studio photo of a baseball team in the Philippines conveyed a reassuring aura of normalcy for those worried about the well-being of American forces in the Philippines. T. Enami Studio, Manila. Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/okinawa-soba/2448914917/sizes/l/in/set-72157619114785775/" target="[object Object]">Flickr</a>. </p>
<p>Original caption on stereograph: “A group of the 10th Pennsylvania Volunteers in the destroyed church at Bacoor,” Stereograph published in 1900 by B. W. Kilburn. Source: Antique Photographs [<a href="http://antiquephotographics.com/stereoviews/philippines-stereos/" target="[object Object]">view</a>].</p>
<p>Original caption on stereograph: “‘Quanto Valo’ scene in camp of the 10th Infantry, P.I.” 1900 stereograph published by B. W. Kilburn. Source: Antique Photographs [<a href="http://antiquephotographics.com/stereoviews/philippines-stereos/" target="[object Object]">view</a>].</p>
<p><strong>MISSING CAPTION</strong></p>
<p>Filipino insurgents surrendering during the Philippine-American War, c. 1900. National Archives and Records Administration (ARC Indentifier: 542454) [<a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-American-War" target="[object Object]">view</a>]. </p>
<p>Girls at the Kabayan school with their teacher, Mr. Mass. Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Source: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91730281/" target="[object Object]">Library of Congress</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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