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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Introduction to Day 19</h2>
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<p>The stories and photographs of post-conquest American atrocities, especially the Balangiga and Bud Dajo Moro Crater Muslim Massacres, continued the spur domestic debate between imperialists and anti-imperialists after the official end of the war in 1902. We close with an excerpt from a biting essay by Mark Twain that condemned, with irony and satire, American actions in the Philippines. <span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Take a look at the images that we will be working with, and then, move on to the videos and exercises.</span></p>
<p><strong style="text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">Warning on viewing historical images</strong><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">: Images from the past can be offensive to view. By showing certain images or discussing certain topics, we do not endorse the views or opinions they present, but seek to understand the past, even when it is difficult to look at in the present. This course does not reflect the views of MIT, MITx, EdX or Visualizing Cultures.</span></p>
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<p>
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<h3>Image Gallery</h3>
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<p></p>
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<p>Image Credits:</p>
<p>Image 1: “Placing the Blame for the Philippine ‘Barbarities.’” The Literary Digest (May 17, 1902, p. 667) [<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQ8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA667&lpg=PA667&dq=%E2%80%9CPlacing+the+Blame+for+the+Philippine+%E2%80%98Barbarities.%E2%80%99&source=bl&ots=0vG41P5vE3&sig=6XKwjBW6cYtRMf2CZ20SBUh5sNg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8lrb69NbZAhXRtlkKHYA0A_AQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
<p>Image 2: <em style="font-family: 'open sans';">“Kill Every One Over Ten. Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines.”</em><span style="font-family: 'open sans';"> The New York Evening Journal (May 5, 1902)</span> [<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQ8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA667&lpg=PA667&dq=%E2%80%9CPlacing+the+Blame+for+the+Philippine+%E2%80%98Barbarities.%E2%80%99&source=bl&ots=0vG41P5vE3&sig=6XKwjBW6cYtRMf2CZ20SBUh5sNg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8lrb69NbZAhXRtlkKHYA0A_AQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
<p>Image 3: “Trench at Bud Dajo. Photograph shows bodies of dead Filipino Muslims killed at the First Battle of Bud Dajo during the Moro Rebellion.” 1907 Library of Congress (Pershing papers)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px;">Image 4: “The Stars and Stripes Floating over the Walls of Old Manila, P.I.,” stereograph, 1901. Source: Library of Congress [<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c37903/" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
<p></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Gen Jake Smith Balangiga Massacre</h2>
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<p>Now, turn your attention to this cartoon image, which depicts a scene from the Balangiga Massacre. In order to subdue a Filipino revolt in the town of Balangiga, General Jake Smith had ordered American soldiers under his command that they should kill anyone over the age of ten, male or female. The Senate spearheaded an investigation and ultimately, Smith and one of his lieutenants were tried by a military tribunal. However, the incident spurred intense controversy within the United States, as pro-imperialists and anti-imperialists disagreed on who were the real perpetrators and who were the real victims. After you watch the video, please complete the exercises.</p>
<p>
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<p style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>“Placing the Blame for the Philippine ‘Barbarities.’”</em> The Literary Digest (May 17, 1902, p. 667) [<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQ8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA667&lpg=PA667&dq=%E2%80%9CPlacing+the+Blame+for+the+Philippine+%E2%80%98Barbarities.%E2%80%99&source=bl&ots=0vG41P5vE3&sig=6XKwjBW6cYtRMf2CZ20SBUh5sNg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8lrb69NbZAhXRtlkKHYA0A_AQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</p>
<em>“Kill Every One Over Ten. Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines.”</em> The New York Evening Journal (May 5, 1902)<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[</span><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQ8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA667&lpg=PA667&dq=%E2%80%9CPlacing+the+Blame+for+the+Philippine+%E2%80%98Barbarities.%E2%80%99&source=bl&ots=0vG41P5vE3&sig=6XKwjBW6cYtRMf2CZ20SBUh5sNg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8lrb69NbZAhXRtlkKHYA0A_AQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q&f=true" target="[object Object]" style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">view</a><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</span></div>
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<legend id="bb4177b5e5c54322a0c0a447ad222ece_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">MC: Which of the following statements about the Balangiga Massacre is FALSE? There is one correct answer.</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_bb4177b5e5c54322a0c0a447ad222ece_2_1" id="input_bb4177b5e5c54322a0c0a447ad222ece_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="bb4177b5e5c54322a0c0a447ad222ece_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_bb4177b5e5c54322a0c0a447ad222ece_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_bb4177b5e5c54322a0c0a447ad222ece_2_1"> Smith and his lieutenant were put to death by court marshal after the massacre.
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<legend id="e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why was Jake Smith known as General Jake &#8220;Howling&#8221; Smith?</legend>
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<input type="radio" name="input_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1" id="input_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1_choice_1" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_1"/><label id="e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1-choice_1-label" for="input_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1_choice_1" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1"> Because Smith howled as he gave out the order for American troops to kill any Filipinos in Balangiga over the age of ten.
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<input type="radio" name="input_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1" id="input_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1_choice_2" class="field-input input-radio" value="choice_2"/><label id="e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1-choice_2-label" for="input_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1_choice_2" class="response-label field-label label-inline" aria-describedby="status_e62f4d5f2dc34428ac79fd33c6c73e8c_2_1"> Because the sounds of the Filipino wounded and dying who were &#8220;howling&#8221; in the massacre&#8217;s aftermath became too intense for American soldiers to bear.
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Bud Dajo Moro Crater Muslim Massacre</h2>
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<p>As recently as the Obama administration, photographic evidence of American violence committed during the Philippine-American War—like this image from 1907 of the massacre in Bud Dajo—were used to critique the American record on human rights. Bud Dajo, in the Sulu Region of the Philippines, was home to various tribes of the Muslim Moro people. In the Bud Dajo Moro Crater Massacre, hundreds of civilians including many women and children. were killed by American forces. This photograph, once it was circulated in the United States by a soldier who brought it home, generated fierce controversy over the nature of the war.</p>
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<div style="overflow: hidden;">“Trench at Bud Dajo. Photograph shows bodies of dead Filipino Muslims killed at the First Battle of Bud Dajo during the Moro Rebellion.” 1907 Library of Congress (Pershing papers)</div>
<p></p>
<div id="vpxMain" style="overflow: hidden;">“The Stars and Stripes Floating over the Walls of Old Manila, P.I.,” stereograph, 1901. Source: Library of Congress [<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c37903/" target="[object Object]">view</a>]</div>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-25: Bud Dajo Moro Crater Muslim Massacre</h3>
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Multiple Choice
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<legend id="667c126a5b954899a1ca74ae591f5354_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">Why did the Tausug people scale up the inactive volcano of Bud Dajo?</legend>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">Mark Twain, The War Prayer</h2>
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<p>Author Mark Twain became a sharp critic of the American war effort in the Philippines. Here, Professor Dower reads and discusses an anti-war essay by Twain that was written in 1905 but was not published until 1916. The biting commentary in this piece is characteristic of Twain’s writing and also reflective of his staunch anti-imperialist beliefs. Listen carefully to the excerpt from Twain’s essay and consider his choice of style, phrases, and descriptions. After you watch the video, please complete the exercise. </p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Video III-26: Mark Twain, The War Prayer</h3>
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<legend id="c8b9ce5caa624610bb8438a7ec27aab7_2_1-legend" class="response-fieldset-legend field-group-hd">In his essay, Twain use satire and irony in this essay to convey or indicate which of the following aspects of the Philippine-American War? There are multiple correct answers. Check all that apply.</legend>
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<p>Great job! You have reached the end of this third module. As we move on in the course, make sure to keep in mind the influential and complicated role that photography played in the American campaign in the Philippines, the ways in which it enabled the nuances of war-making as well as the anti-imperialist effort within the United States. Now, go on to complete the final exercises of this module.</p>
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